ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
National Estimates of Healthcare Costs Associated With Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections Among Hospitalized Patients in the United States.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05762302 (A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial to Establish the Impact of MeMed BV® on Management of Patients With Suspected Lower Respiratory Tract Infections), which is not on this map. Cited by 141 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial to Establish the Impact of MeMed BV® on Management of Patients With Suspected Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI) in the Emergency Department (ED) and Urgent Care Center (UCC) ("JUPITER" TRIAL)
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Economics of Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Global Research.Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Pooled it
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- Fecal microbiota transplantation promotes reduction of antimicrobial resistance by strain replacement.Science translational medicine · 2023Trial
- Delabeling penicillin allergies in plastic and reconstructive surgery: Cefazolin as the cornerstone for antibiotic prophylaxis.JPRAS open · 2026Review
- Bacteriophage therapy and antimicrobial resistance: a scoping review using the "One Health" framework.Infection · 2026Review
- Direct Hospitalization Costs Associated with Resistant and SusceptibleFoodborne pathogens and disease · 2026Article
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- Antimicrobial Use in U.S. Hospitals: Comparison of 2015 and 2023 Prevalence Surveys.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Repurposing azole antifungals as rapid bactericidal, membrane-disruptive therapeutics againstMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Comparative efficacy and safety of colistin sulfate versus polymyxin B in critically ill patients with carbapenem-resistant gram-negative infections: a pilot inverse probability of treatment weighting-based retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A nutritional link to antimicrobial resistance: iron scarcity promotes plasmid co-selection inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of antibiotic residues in commercial poultry feed and meat from industrial and backyard poultry in Iquitos, Perú.IJID one health · 2026Article
- Disinfection of hospital sink drains enriches pseudomonadota and efflux pump-mediated antibiotic resistance in reestablished biofilms.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Study of the direct medical economic burden of patients with healthcare-associated infection based on DRGs matching.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Article
- Molecular and Computational Insights of Novel Mutations in Aminoglycoside-Modifying Genes of P. aeruginosa.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Article
- Linalool potentiates tetracycline against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via biofilm disruption.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A systematic review of data sources used for socioeconomic impact assessment of antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective: a lack of representative data.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2026Review
- Investigating Azithromycin Activity Against ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Under Physiologically Relevant Conditions.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTreating patients with infections due to multidrug-resistant pathogens often requires substantial healthcare resources. The purpose of this study was to report estimates of the healthcare costs associated with infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria in the United States (US).
methodsWe performed retrospective cohort studies of patients admitted for inpatient stays in the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system between January 2007 and October 2015. We performed multivariable generalized linear models to estimate the attributable cost by comparing outcomes in patients with and without positive cultures for multidrug-resistant bacteria. Finally, we multiplied these pathogen-specific, per-infection attributable cost estimates by national counts of infections due to each pathogen from patients hospitalized in a cohort of 722 US hospitals from 2017 to generate estimates of the population-level healthcare costs in the US attributable to these infections.
resultsOur analysis cohort consisted of 16 676 patients with community-onset infections and 172 712 matched controls and 8246 patients with hospital-onset infections and 66 939 matched controls. The highest cost was seen in hospital-onset invasive infections, with attributable costs (95% confidence intervals) ranging from $30 998 ($25 272-$36 724) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to $74 306 ($20 377-$128 235) for carbapenem-resistant (CR) Acinetobacter. The highest attributable costs for community-onset invasive infections were seen in CR Acinetobacter ($62 396; $20 370-$104 422). Treatment of these infections cost an estimated $4.6 billion ($4.1 billion-$5.1 billion) in 2017 in the US for community- and hospital-onset infections combined.
conclusionsWe found that antimicrobial-resistant infections led to substantial healthcare costs.
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