ArticleBlood2021
Tumor interferon signaling and suppressive myeloid cells are associated with CAR T-cell failure in large B-cell lymphoma.
Article in Blood, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07638982 (An Open-label, Phase I Trial, With an Expansion Cohort), which is not on this map. Cited by 188 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Open-label, Phase I Trial, With an Expansion Cohort: Macrophage Conditioning to Synergize With CAR-T in High-risk Lymphoma (MAC-SHIFT)
Who cites it
188 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 278 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of PET-based prognostic metrics in CAR-T treatment of DLBCL.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- A distinct CAR-T cell phenotype mediates therapeutic response at limited doses.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Tisagenlecleucel in combination with ibrutinib in adults with relapsed and/or refractory large B-cell lymphomas.Blood neoplasia · 2026Trial
- A phase 2 study of axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma in Japan: 1-year follow-up and biomarker analysis.International journal of hematology · 2023Trial
- Tumor-associated antigen-specific T cells with nivolumab are safe and persist in vivo in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.Blood advances · 2022Trial
- CAR-T-centered sequential therapy: current status, challenges, and future clinical perspectives.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- A novel severe toxicity-free, and progression-free survival endpoint predicts outcomes after CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy in large B-cell lymphoma.Bone marrow transplantation · 2026Article
- Review
- RHOA Deletion Downregulates CD19 and Promotes Dysfunctional Immune Microenvironments in CAR-T Resistant Large B-cell Lymphomas.Blood cancer discovery · 2026Article
- CAR T-cell therapy as a definitive consolidation for older adults with B-ALL in first complete remission.Blood advances · 2026Article
- An immune exhaustion signature predicts prognosis and identifies patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who derive preferential benefit from chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy.Cancer pathogenesis and therapy · 2026Article
- Real-World Efficacy and Safety of Glofitamab-Based Salvage Therapy in Chinese Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas.American journal of hematology · 2026Observational
- IFN-γ-driven iNOS induction in macrophages mediates CAR T cell resistance in B cell lymphoma.Nature communications · 2026Article
- TP53-mutant CHIP defines a pro-inflammatory phenotype and predicts adverse outcomes after CAR T-cell therapy.Leukemia · 2026Article
- Interferon-Mediated Regulation of Memory B Cell Identity and Function.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Targeting BCMA in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma in 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy.Blood advances · 2026Review
- Baseline immunonutritional status drives CAR T-cell efficacy, survival, and safety in R/R lymphoma: validation of a pre-lymphodepletion PNI threshold.Annals of hematology · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic landscape of peripheral T cells following CAR-T cell therapy in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- The Conflicting Role of Myeloid Cells in CAR T-Cell Therapy.Cancer research · 2026Review
- Identification of an optimal absolute lymphocyte count at leukapheresis in patients with lymphoma treated with CART.Blood immunology & cellular therapy · 2026Article
128 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). This study evaluated whether immune dysregulation, present before CAR T-cell therapy, was associated with treatment failure. Tumor expression of interferon (IFN) signaling, high blood levels of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs), and high blood interleukin-6 and ferritin levels were each associated with a lack of durable response. Similar to other cancers, we found that in LBCL tumors, IFN signaling is associated with the expression of multiple checkpoint ligands, including programmed cell death-ligand 1, and these were higher in patients who lacked durable responses to CAR-T therapy. Moreover, tumor IFN signaling and blood M-MDSCs associated with decreased axi-cel expansion. Finally, patients with high tumor burden had higher immune dysregulation with increased serum inflammatory markers and tumor IFN signaling. These data support that immune dysregulation in LBCL promotes axi-cel resistance via multiple mechanistic programs: insufficient axi-cel expansion associated with both circulating M-MDSC and tumor IFN signaling, which also gives rise to expression of immune checkpoint ligands.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.