ArticlePreventive medicine reports2021
Smartphone-based incentives for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy: A randomized controlled trial.
Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of Digital Health Interventions for Improving Antiretroviral Therapy Outcomes in People With HIV: Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Interventions in the Era of Universal Test and Treat: A Hybrid Systematic-Narrative Literature Review of Global Evidence.AIDS and behavior · 2026Pooled it
- User Engagement With mHealth Interventions to Promote Treatment Adherence and Self-Management in People With Chronic Health Conditions: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- Cost-Effectiveness of Anti-retroviral Adherence Interventions for People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review of Decision Analytical Models.Applied health economics and health policy · 2023Pooled it
- Ageing with HIV: Medicine Optimisation Challenges and Support Needs for Older People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review.Drugs & aging · 2023Pooled it
- Brief cognitive behavior therapy for stigmatization, depression, quality of life, social support and adherence to treatment among patients with HIV/AIDS: a randomized control trial.BMC psychiatry · 2023Trial
- Uptake of an App-Based Case Management Service for HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men in China: Process Evaluation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Trial
- A preliminary investigation of schedule parameters on cocaine abstinence in contingency management.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2022Trial
- Patterns of HIV viral suppression in a clinical trial evaluating a contingency management intervention.Journal of applied behavior analysisTrial
- Incentive-based interventions to improve HIV prevention and care continuum: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Addiction specialists' perspectives on digital contingency management and its role within UK drug and alcohol services: A qualitative exploration.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Mobile telephone contingency management to encourage adherence to supervised medication among individuals most at risk of non-adherence to opioid agonist treatment: a study protocol for a feasibility study (TIES2).Pilot and feasibility studies · 2025Article
- A comprehensive review of 21 common dermatology smartphone applications: evaluating socioeconomic and geographical barriers.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Review
- Article
- Supporting treatment adherence for resilience and thriving (START): protocol for a mHealth randomized controlled trial.BMC public health · 2024Article
- A randomized controlled trial of the dissemination of an mHealth intervention for improving health outcomes: the WiseApp for Spanish-speakers living with HIV study protocol.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Enhancing daily oral PrEP adherence with digital communications: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of a Smartphone-Based Contingency Management Intervention for Buprenorphine Adherence.Behavior analysis in practice · 2023Article
- A Systematic Review of Treatment Maintenance Strategies in Token Economies: Implications for Contingency Management.Perspectives on behavior science · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can improve the lives of people living with HIV and reduce the rate of transmission. However, high levels of adherence are required. Some people living with HIV, including people who use drugs, are at elevated risk for non-adherence. Contingency management is a promising intervention for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Barriers to adoption of contingency management include lack of provider expertise and implementation effort. To address these barriers, a smartphone-based adherence intervention was developed. HIV + people with a substance use disorder were required to submit video selfies of medication consumption that met validity criteria. Monetary incentives were delivered to participants via reloadable debit cards, contingent upon a valid video. The intervention was evaluated in a small (n = 50) randomized controlled trial. Intervention participants submitted 75% of possible videos, and 81% of videos met validity criteria, indicating a high level of usability. Participants also rated the intervention as highly acceptable. Adherence was measured as the percent of participants who achieved a 95% adherence threshold, and also as the overall percent of days in which participants were adherent to their antiretroviral therapy. The former showed a significant effect for group, (p = .034) but this was not maintained when adjusting for stratification variables as covariates (p = .094). The latter measure showed a significant group × time interaction. Smartphone-based contingency management is a promising method for promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Assessing the cost-benefit of the intervention and development of strategies for long-term adherence are priorities for future research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.