ArticleFrontiers in psychology2020
A Novel Test of the Duchenne Marker: Smiles After Botulinum Toxin Treatment for Crow's Feet Wrinkles.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mask wearing increases eye involvement during smiling: a facial EMG study.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Neuroaesthetics: Evolutionary Thinking in Facial Aesthetic Medicine.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Review
- A Psychological Guide to Lower Face Botulinum Toxin Injections: Baseline Emotional Functions of Facial Expressions.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Review
- A Psychological Guide to Upper Face Botulinum Toxin Injections: Baseline Emotional Functions of Facial Expressions.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Review
- Botulinum Toxin A Therapy for Glabellar Lines Improves Emotional States: Evaluation of 47 Cases without Mental Disorders.Journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2025Article
- The portrait of Dorian Gray: spontaneous expression of happiness is an invariant kinematic marker.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Efficacy and safety of a proprietaryAmerican journal of translational research · 2024Article
- Assessing Automated Facial Action Unit Detection Systems for Analyzing Cross-Domain Facial Expression Databases.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smiles that vary in muscular configuration also vary in how they are perceived. Previous research suggests that "Duchenne smiles," indicated by the combined actions of the orbicularis oculi (cheek raiser) and the zygomaticus major muscles (lip corner puller), signal enjoyment. This research has compared perceptions of Duchenne smiles with non-Duchenne smiles among individuals voluntarily innervating or inhibiting the orbicularis oculi muscle. Here we used a novel set of highly controlled stimuli: photographs of patients taken before and after receiving botulinum toxin treatment for crow's feet lines that selectively paralyzed the lateral orbicularis oculi muscle and removed visible lateral eye wrinkles, to test perception of smiles. Smiles in which the orbicularis muscle was active (prior to treatment) were rated as more felt, spontaneous, intense, and happier. Post treatment patients looked younger, although not more attractive. We discuss the potential implications of these findings within the context of emotion science and clinical research on botulinum toxin.
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