ReviewClinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology2021
Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review of Case-control Studies.
Review in Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence-based atlas of risk and protective factors for psychotic disorders: an umbrella review to inform personalized prognosis and prevention.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- 2D:4D digit ratio and brain volumes in alcohol use disorder.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Assessment of the 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Women With Fibromyalgia: Traces of Prenatal Hormonal Exposure.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2026Article
- Evaluation of body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio as predictors of insulin resistance in Syrian adult women: A cross-sectional study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio and criminal involvement in schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Left-Hand 2D:4D Ratio is Superior to the Right-Hand 2D:4D Ratio in Determining the Criminal Potential of Schizophrenia Patients.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific effects of vitamin D on autistic behavior and gastrointestinal symptoms in rats via the regulation of serotonin metabolism.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Correlation Between Propulsive Velocity, Maximum Velocity, and Power and the 2D:4D Ratio in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes.BioMed research international · 2025Article
- Prenatal exposure to air pollutants and the second to fourth digit ratio in adult women.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Association of 2D:4D finger length ratio of People Working in different professions with personality traits.Heliyon · 2024Article
- People with higher systemizing traits have wider right hands.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Role of Sertoli Cell Hormones in Male Preponderance Observed in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Noro psikiyatri arsivi · 2024Article
- Sex-specific association between prenatal androgenization (second-to-fourth digit length ratio) and frontal brain volumes in adolescents.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Article
- Exploring Personal Recovery in Schizophrenia: The Role of Mentalization.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- An Exploratory Analysis on the 2D:4D Digit Ratio and Its Relationship with Social Responsiveness in Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Prenatal Sex Hormone Exposure Is Associated with the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maternal testosterone-to-estradiol ratio measured in early pregnancy.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Molecular actions of sex hormones in the brain and their potential treatment use in anxiety disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Diagnostic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Features.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is an indirect, retrospective, non-invasive measure that correlates negatively with intrauterine exposure to testosterone. The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate if 2D:4D differs between patients with psychiatric disorders and controls. In September 2019, we searched in Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINHAL, and retrieved 619 papers. We finally included 43 case-control studies which compared the 2D:4D ratio of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 16), schizophrenia (n = 8), gender non-conformity (n = 7), addictions (n = 5), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 4), mood disorders (n = 2), and intellectual disability (n = 1) to non-clinical controls. Meta-analyses showed that, overall, psychiatric patients had lower 2D:4D than healthy controls (n = 43, overall sample = 9,484, mean difference = -0.0056, 95% confidence interval from -0.0093 to -0.002, I
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