ReviewLife sciences2021
SARS-CoV-2 infection: The role of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 axis.
Review in Life sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of IL-7 in critically ill patients with COVID-19.JCI insight · 2025Trial
- Longitudinal transcriptional analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes in COVID-19 convalescent donors.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Trial
- Phenotypic Alterations of CD8+ and CD8- CD56+ NK Cell Subsets in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Disease.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Outcomes and Risk Factors for Hospitalization in Adult Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency.Allergy, asthma & immunology research · 2026Article
- Immune Checkpoint Restoration as a Therapeutic Strategy to Halt Diabetes-Driven Atherosclerosis.Biology · 2025Review
- Chronic Neuroplasticity Changes Following Neurotropic Viral Infection: Mechanisms and Implications.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Review
- MixOmics Integration of Biological Datasets Identifies Highly Correlated Variables of COVID-19 Severity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Tracking immune dysregulation in COVID-19: lymphocyte dynamics from hospitalization to recovery.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2025Article
- Intranasal Multiepitope PD-L1-siRNA-Based Nanovaccine: The Next-Gen COVID-19 Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- T Lymphocyte Characteristic Changes Under Serum Cytokine Deviations and Prognostic Factors of COVID-19 in Pregnant Women.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 Regulation in Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2: A Prospective Cohort Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4Heliyon · 2024Article
- Predicting survival in patients with SARS-CoV-2 based on cytokines and soluble immune checkpoint regulators.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Peripheral PD-1Frontiers in immunology · 2024Observational
- Can there be calm during a cytokine storm? Immune checkpoint pathways affecting the severity of COVID-19 disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Hypocortisolemic ASIA: a vaccine- and chronic infection-induced syndrome behind the origin of long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- PD-L1 dimerisation induced by biphenyl derivatives mediates anti-breast cancer activity via the non-immune PD-L1-AKT-mTOR/Bcl2 pathway.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan of China in December 2019 and its worldwide spread has turned into the COVID-19 pandemic. Respiratory disorders, lymphopenia, cytokine cascades, and the immune responses provoked by this virus play a major and fundamental role in the severity of the symptoms and the immunogenicity which it causes. Owing to the decrease in the inflammatory responses' regulation in the immune system and the sudden increase in the secretion of cytokines, it seems that an investigation of inhibitory immune checkpoints can influence theories regarding this disease's treatment methods. Acquired cell-mediated immune defense's T-cells have a key major contribution in clearing viral infections thus reducing the severity of COVID-19's symptoms. The most important diagnostic feature in individuals with COVID-19 is lymphocyte depletion, most importantly, T-cells. Due to the induction of interferon-γ (INF-γ) production by neutrophils and monocytes, which are abundantly present in the peripheral blood of the individuals with COVID-19, the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints including, PD-1 (programmed death), PD-L1 and CTLA4 on the T-cells' surface is enhanced. The purpose of this review is to discuss the functions of these checkpoints and their effects on the dysfunction and exhaustion of T-cells, making them almost ineffective in individuals with COVID-19, especially in the cases with extreme symptoms.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.