ReviewCNS drugs2021
Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia: An Overview.
Review in CNS drugs, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 107 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antipsychotic-Related Prolactin Changes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis.CNS drugs · 2025Pooled it
- Strategies for Switching between Oral Postsynaptic Antidopaminergic Antipsychotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.CNS drugs · 2025Pooled it
- Long-Acting Injectable Second-Generation Antipsychotics vs Placebo and Their Oral Formulations in Acute Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled-Trials.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Paliperidone palmitate vs. paliperidone extended-release for the acute treatment of adults with schizophrenia: a systematic review and pairwise and network meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia and Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Bioequivalence of Aripiprazole Oral Soluble Films and Orally Disintegrating Tablets in Healthy Participants: A Crossover Study.Clinical and translational science · 2025Trial
- Efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of liposomal synthetic cannabidiol injected subcutaneously in dogs: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Trial
- Three-Year Outcomes of 6-Month Paliperidone Palmitate in Adults With Schizophrenia: An Open-Label Extension Study of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Patient and Healthcare Professional Preferences for Characteristics of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Agents for the Treatment of Schizophrenia.Advances in therapy · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Distinct neural responses to punishment anticipation in violent and non-violent individuals with schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- A Claims Data-Based Comparison of Treatment Continuation between Aripiprazole Once-monthly and Paliperidone Palmitate in Routine Practice.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Early Corrected QT Interval Changes Following First-dose Long-acting Injectable Antipsychotics: A Retrospective Inpatient Study.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Translating Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics into Clinical Decision-Making: A Practical Guide to the Use of Risperidone ISMJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Therapies for HIV Treatment and Prevention: Clinical Pharmacology, Recent Advances and Future Opportunities.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Review
- Evaluation of haloperidol decanoate initiation dosing in inpatients with serious mental illness.The mental health clinician · 2026Article
- The Role of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics in the Early Treatment of Schizophrenia.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Tardive Dyskinesia Induced by Long-Acting Injectable Paliperidone Palmitate Once Every 3 Months in a Patient With Schizophrenia: A Case Report and Literature Review.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Barriers to long-acting injectable antipsychotic use for community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia in China: a qualitative process analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Antipsychotic dose is not associated with cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia aged under 40: a cross-sectional observational study with retrospective dose estimation.BMC psychiatry · 2026Observational
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The availability of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia provides clinicians with options that deliver continuous drug exposure and may improve adherence compared with daily oral antipsychotics. However, all LAI antipsychotics have unique formulations and pharmacokinetic characteristics that have implications for medication selection, administration interval, and injection site. This review outlines key differences in drug formulations and pharmacokinetics among LAI antipsychotics. A systematic search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify physical and formulation properties and pharmacokinetic data of commercially available LAI antipsychotics, including flupentixol decanoate, fluphenazine decanoate, haloperidol decanoate, zuclopenthixol decanoate, aripiprazole monohydrate, aripiprazole lauroxil, olanzapine pamoate, paliperidone palmitate, risperidone microspheres, and risperidone polymeric microspheres. Additional information was obtained from package inserts and product monographs. Relevant data on drug properties, administration details, pharmacokinetic parameters, and oral dose equivalencies of LAI antipsychotics are summarized. Based on our analysis, formulation characteristics (e.g., vehicle medium) and administration characteristics (e.g., injection site) can affect rate of absorption and adverse effects and may factor into whether oral supplementation or an additional injection is needed. Dose adjustments may be necessary based on potential drug-drug interactions, and approximate dose equivalence with oral formulations can help inform titration when switching from oral to LAI formulations. Clinicians administering LAI antipsychotics should consider these formulation and pharmacokinetic factors to maximize clinical impact and to adjust to an individual patient's needs and treatment goals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.