ReviewJournal of medical virology2021
Role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Review in Journal of medical virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 228 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
228 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 378 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptors polymorphisms and COVID-19: a systematic review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Emerging trends and focus of Toll-like receptors in kidney diseases: a 20-year bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of TLR4 pathway-related protein alterations induced by arsenic exposure.Biological trace element research · 2023Pooled it
- The Relationship betweenGenes · 2023Pooled it
- Tissue factor in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.Thrombosis research · 2022Pooled it
- Innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review.Epidemiology and infection · 2022Pooled it
- Association of CNS demyelination and COVID-19 infection: an updated systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- The relationship between 896A/G (rs4986790) polymorphism ofFrontiers in genetics · 2022Pooled it
- Associations between Serum Interleukins (IL-1BioMed research international · 2022Pooled it
- Let-7a-5p/SHIP-1 Axis Drives SARS-CoV-2 Spike-1-Induced Microglial Pyroptosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Modulation of immune responses by opioids through toll-like and P2X receptor signaling in COVID-19.Purinergic signalling · 2026Review
- Virtual Screening Approaches Towards the Discovery of Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Antagonists for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis During COVID Infection.Current rheumatology reviews · 2026Review
- Article
- Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and inflammation: from fundamental biology to clinic insights.Immunity & inflammation · 2026Review
- Designing a novel vaccine against COVID-19 based on spike SARS-Cov-2 notable mutations using immunoinformatics approaches.PloS one · 2026Article
- Immune cell interactions and lung damage in SARS-CoV-2 special attention on monocytes/macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and Toll-like receptors in SARS-CoV-2.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- Novel insights into diagnosis and management of hyperreactivity: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Review
- Emerging role of PANoptosis in pathogen infection and systemic diseases.Cell biology and toxicology · 2025Review
- Potential relationships between circulating gene expression ofJournal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2025Article
- Topoisomerase IIα orchestrates secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 with human papillomavirus replication.Virologica Sinica · 2025Article
168 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a pandemic since March 2020. The exact pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the role of each component of the innate and adaptive immune system is still unknown. However, available data from other coronavirus families, such as SARS-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome and also new findings could be useful for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an important role in recognition of viral particles and activation of the innate immune system. Activation of TLR pathways leads to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as type 1 interferon. Different TLRs, like TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are potentially important in COVID-19 infection. It is also worth mentioning that we should bear in mind both the beneficial and harmful effects of TLR in confronting COVID-19 infection. TLRs could be a potential target in controlling the infection in the early stages of disease and production of vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.