ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2021
Impact of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Mobile Intervention for Increasing COVID-19 Testing in K-12 Schools Serving Disadvantaged Communities: Randomized Controlled Trial of SCALE-UP Counts.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Correlation of COVID-19 Mortality with Socioeconomic Status, Air Quality, and Housing Density.Thoracic research and practice · 2026Article
- California Healthy Places Index and COVID-19 hospitalization risk: a patient-level analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Persistent physical and mental health effects of COVID-19 hospitalization.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- TVISARS-CoV-2: a multicriteria index and urban dynamics in Minas Gerais, Brazil.Revista de saude publica · 2026Article
- Association of Everyday Discrimination With Drug Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the All of Us Research Program.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Black Men and Health Literacy: Strategies for Improvement in a Digital Age Through the Adaptation of a Chronic Disease Self-Management Program.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Invasive Ventilation for Bacterial Pneumonia in the United States.Respiratory care · 2025Article
- Association Between Ethnicity and Mortality Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19: A Mayo Clinic VIRUS Registry Cohort Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Creating a predictive model and online calculator for high-value care outcomes following glioblastoma resection: incorporating neighborhood socioeconomic status index.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Observational
- Article
- Dual Burden of MDR-TB and COVID-19 in a Previously Treated Tuberculosis Case: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemmas.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Article
- COVID-19 Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Among Black Men with Chronic Health Conditions: A Latent Profile Analysis.Social work in public health · 2024Article
- Examining Diabetes Status by the Social Determinants of Health Among Adults in Hawai'i.Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare · 2024Article
- Disparities in COVID-19 Hospitalization at the Intersection of Race and Ethnicity and Income.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Cluster Analysis reveals Socioeconomic Disparities among Elective Spine Surgery Patients.Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing · 2024Article
- Longitudinal assessment of demographic representativeness in the Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center open data commons.Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.) · 2023Article
- Racial, socioeconomic, and neighborhood characteristics in relation to COVID-19 severity of illness for adolescents and young adults.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe impact of race and socioeconomic status on clinical outcomes has not been quantified in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
objectiveTo evaluate the association between patient sociodemographics and neighborhood disadvantage with frequencies of death, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
designRetrospective cohort study.
settingFour hospitals in an integrated health system serving southeast Michigan.
participantsAdult patients admitted to the hospital with a COVID-19 diagnosis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. MAIN MEASURES: Patient sociodemographics, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes were collected. Neighborhood socioeconomic variables were obtained at the census tract level from the 2018 American Community Survey. Relationships between neighborhood median income and clinical outcomes were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models, controlling for patient age, sex, race, Charlson Comorbidity Index, obesity, smoking status, and living environment. KEY
resultsBlack patients lived in significantly poorer neighborhoods than White patients (median income: $34,758 (24,531-56,095) vs. $63,317 (49,850-85,776), p < 0.001) and were more likely to have Medicaid insurance (19.4% vs. 11.2%, p < 0.001). Patients from neighborhoods with lower median income were significantly more likely to require IMV (lowest quartile: 25.4%, highest quartile: 16.0%, p < 0.001) and ICU admission (35.2%, 19.9%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, race, and comorbidities, higher neighborhood income ($10,000 increase) remained a significant negative predictor for IMV (OR: 0.95 (95% CI 0.91, 0.99), p = 0.02) and ICU admission (OR: 0.92 (95% CI 0.89, 0.96), p < 0.001).
conclusionsNeighborhood disadvantage, which is closely associated with race, is a predictor of poor clinical outcomes in COVID-19. Measures of neighborhood disadvantage should be used to inform policies that aim to reduce COVID-19 disparities in the Black community.
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Registered trials
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