ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2021
Classroom Based Intensive Toilet Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Before the Potty Party: Preparing Practitioners for Toilet Training.Behavior analysis in practice · 2026Review
- Mothers' experiences of toilet training children with intellectual disabilities: a qualitative study.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Toilet Training Readiness Scale for 0-5-Year-Old Children: A New Measurement Tool Based on a Child-Centred Approach.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Resolving Barriers to Continence for Children with Disabilities: Steps Toward Evidence-Based Practice.Behavior analysis in practice · 2024Review
- A Delphi Exploration of Toileting Activity Performance in Individuals With Cerebral Palsy Within the ICF-CY Framework: Unveiling Influential Factors.Occupational therapy international · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an intensive toilet training program on continence and self-initiation for elementary children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Researchers used a non-concurrent multiple baseline design (Watson and Workman in J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 12:257-259, 1981, https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(81)90055-0 ) with regulated randomization (Koehler and Levin in Psychol Methods 3(2):206, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.206 ) to evaluate the effects of the intensive protocol with four students with ASD in the classroom where they received special education services. The protocol included increased access to fluids, contingent time intervals for sit schedules, programmed reinforcement, and dry checks. All four participants met mastery criteria and maintained independent toileting after the study's completion. Three participants began self-initiating to use the restroom. The implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.