ReviewThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2021
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Formulation, Dose, and Route of Delivery.
Review in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effect of acupuncture on menopausal depressive disorder and serum hormone levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The Effects of Menopause Hormone Therapy on Lipid Profile in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Association Between Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Alzheimer Disease Neuropathology.Neurology · 2026Article
- Impact of Menopause and Clinical Considerations in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Article
- Panax quinquefolium saponin decreases atherosclerosis in ovariectomized ApoEChinese medicine · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Health in Women-Across the Lifespan.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Review
- Modern Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Management: Intelligent Drug Delivery and Metabolic Reprogramming for Ovarian Restoration and Fertility Optimization.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Exploring the relationship between reproductive aging, arterial stiffness, and cardiorespiratory fitness in women after menopause.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Successful sexual aging: A narrative review using the multidimensional theoretical paradigm of systems sexology to explore sexual health in midlife and older adults.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Comparative predictive value of three non-insulin-based insulin resistance indices for subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.European heart journal open · 2026Review
- Women's cardiovascular health in 2025:Saudi medical journal · 2026Review
- [Russian eligibility criteria for prescription of menopausal hormone therapy to patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Agreement document of RKO, ROAG, RAE, EAT, AFR, RNMOT, RAGG].Problemy endokrinologii · 2026Article
- Autologous Fat Grafting Combined With Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Female Genitourinary Aging: A Retrospective Study.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Menopause and Menopause Hormone Therapy: A Review and Contemporary Approach to Risk Assessment.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- Underpinnings of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in women - From prevention to improving function. A co-publication with the American Journal of Preventive Cardiology and the Journal of Cardiac Failure.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female-specific factors.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Age at menopause and multimorbidity in postmenopausal women.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2025Article
- Management of menopausal hot flushes. Recommendations from the Spanish Menopause Society.European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology: X · 2025Review
- 17-beta estradiol prevents cardiac myocyte hypertrophy by regulating mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase 1.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
contextThis mini-review provides an overview of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with a focus on the role of hormone formulation, dose, and route of delivery.
methodsThis summary is based on authors' knowledge in the field of menopausal HT and supplemented by a PubMed search using the terms "menopause hormone therapy," "transdermal," "estradiol," "conjugated estrogens," "bioidentical," "cardiovascular disease," "lipoproteins," "glucose," "progestogens," "low dose."
resultsAvailable evidence indicates that oral unopposed estrogens have a favorable effect on lipoprotein levels, glycemia, insulin, and CVD risk; however, the addition of progestogens blunts the lipid-related effects. The progestogen with the smallest attenuating effect is micronized progesterone. Transdermal estrogens have less effect on coagulation, inflammation, and lipids than oral estrogens and observational studies suggest they pose a lower risk of venous thromboembolism and stroke than oral estrogens. Clinical effects of hormones were not consistently dose dependent.
conclusionsAlthough HT continues to have an important role in menopause management, it is not recommended for primary or secondary CVD prevention. Different formulations, doses, and routes of delivery of HT have different effects on cardiometabolic markers and risks of clinical CVD events. However, long-term trials evaluating clinical outcomes with transdermal and other alternate HT regimens are limited.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.