ArticleNature protocols2021
Derivation of snake venom gland organoids for in vitro venom production.
Article in Nature protocols, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Airway organoids reveal patterns of influenza A tropism and adaptation in wildlife species.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Targeting snake venom metalloproteinases: structural diversity, molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- A modular platform for automated organoid culture and longitudinal imaging.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation.Scientifica · 2026Review
- Article
- Landscape of human organoids: Ideal model in clinics and research.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2024Review
- Distinct regulatory networks control toxin gene expression in elapid and viperid snakes.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Adult Animal Stem Cell-Derived Organoids in Biomedical Research and the One Health Paradigm.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Single-Cell Heterogeneity in Snake Venom Expression Is Hardwired by Co-Option of Regulators from Progressively Activated Pathways.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Venom biotechnology: casting light on nature's deadliest weapons using synthetic biology.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Review
- Biomimetic Gland Models with Engineered Stratagems.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2023Review
- Expression profile, clinical significance and biological functions of IGF2BP2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
More than 400,000 people each year suffer adverse effects following bites from venomous snakes. However, snake venom is also a rich source of bioactive molecules with known or potential therapeutic applications. Manually 'milking' snakes is the most common method to obtain venom. Safer alternative methods to produce venom would facilitate the production of both antivenom and novel therapeutics. This protocol describes the generation, maintenance and selected applications of snake venom gland organoids. Snake venom gland organoids are 3D culture models that can be derived within days from embryonic or adult venom gland tissues from several snake species and can be maintained long-term (we have cultured some organoids for more than 2 years). We have successfully used the protocol with glands from late-stage embryos and recently deceased adult snakes. The cellular heterogeneity of the venom gland is maintained in the organoids, and cell type composition can be controlled through changes in media composition. We describe in detail how to derive and grow the organoids, how to dissociate them into single cells, and how to cryopreserve and differentiate them into toxin-producing organoids. We also provide guidance on useful downstream assays, specifically quantitative real-time PCR, bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and genetic engineering. This stepwise protocol can be performed in any laboratory with tissue culture equipment and enables studies of venom production, differentiation and cellular heterogeneity.
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Registered trials
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