ArticleJournal of virology2021
The influenza A virus host shutoff factor PA-X is rapidly turned over in a strain-specific manner.
Article in Journal of virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- N-terminal acetylation controls multiple functional aspects of the influenza A virus ribonuclease PA-X.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- The race between viral immune evasion and the MHC class I antigen processing pathway.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Molecular arms races at the virus-host splicing interface and their pathogenic implications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- N-terminal acetylation controls multiple functional aspects of the influenza A virus ribonuclease PA-X.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- PA and PA-X: two key proteins from segment 3 of the influenza viruses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Cut site preference allows influenza A virus PA-X to discriminate between host and viral mRNAs.Nature microbiology · 2023Article
- NS1 and PA-X of H1N1/09 influenza virus act in a concerted manner to manipulate the innate immune response of porcine respiratory epithelial cells.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Strategies of Influenza A Virus to Ensure the Translation of Viral mRNAs.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The Role of Viral RNA Degrading Factors in Shutoff of Host Gene Expression.Annual review of virology · 2022Review
- The N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 plays key roles in suppression of cellular gene expression and preservation of viral gene expression.Cell reports · 2021Article
- Natural Selection of H5N1 Avian Influenza A Viruses with Increased PA-X and NS1 Shutoff Activity.Viruses · 2021Article
- Amino Acid Residues Involved in Inhibition of Host Gene Expression by Influenza A/Brevig Mission/1/1918 PA-X.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- The Unusual Role of Ribonuclease L in Innate Immunity.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNAReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The influenza A endoribonuclease PA-X regulates virulence and transmission of the virus by reducing host gene expression and thus regulating immune responses to influenza A virus. Despite this key function in viral biology, the levels of PA-X protein remain markedly low during infection, and previous results suggest that these low levels are not solely the result of regulation of the level of translation and RNA stability. How PA-X is regulated post-translationally remains unknown. We now report that the PA-X protein is rapidly turned over. PA-X from multiple viral strains are short-lived, although the half-life of PA-X ranges from ∼30 minutes to ∼3.5 hours depending on the strain. Moreover, sequences in the variable PA-X C-terminal domain are primarily responsible for regulating PA-X half-life, although the N-terminal domain also accounts for some differences among strains. Interestingly, we find that the PA-X from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain has a longer half-life compared to the other variants we tested. This PA-X isoform has been reported to have a higher host shutoff activity, suggesting a role for protein turnover in regulating PA-X activity. Collectively, this study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of PA-X protein levels that may impact host shutoff activity during influenza A virus infection.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.