ReviewToxins2021
Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Appraisal.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Botulinum Toxin for Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.Toxins · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: state of the art and future directions.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Article
- Botulinum toxin therapy in Parkinson disease-related lower limb dystonia. An 8 year retrospective review.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Article
- Use of botulinum toxin in the management of dystonia in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Treatment of axial postural abnormalities in parkinsonism disorders: A systematic review of pharmacological, rehabilitative and surgical interventions.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Article
- Recommendations for a paradigm shift in approach to increase the recognition and treatment of sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2023Review
- Pharmacological Treatment of Tremor in Parkinson's Disease Revisited.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2023Review
- Striatal Hand Deformities in Parkinson's Disease: Hand Surgical Perspectives.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2022Article
- User-Centered Design Methodologies for the Prototype Development of a Smart Harness and Related System to Provide Haptic Cues to Persons with Parkinson's Disease.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Movement Disorders and Musculoskeletal System: A Reciprocal Relationship.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For well over 30 years, the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has been used for a large number of indications, some of which however have not been licensed. Admittedly, approval varies in many countries and this permits a large spectrum for evaluation. Thus, BoNT is used for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other Parkinson's syndromes (PS) in varying degrees of frequency. We have to distinguish between (1) indications that are either approved or (2) those not approved, (3) indications that might be a result of PS and (4) finally those which appear independent of PS. The most important indication for BoNT in PS patients is probably sialorrhea, for which approval has been granted in the majority of countries. Cervical dystonia is a frequent symptom in PS, with anterocollis as a specific entity. A further indication is blepharospasm in the different forms, especially the inhibition of eyelid opening in atypical PS. The use of BoNT in cases of camptocormia, the Pisa syndrome and neck rigidity is still a matter of debate. In dystonia of the extremities BoNT can be recommended, especially in dystonia of the feet. One well-known indication, for which however sufficient data are still lacking, involves treating tremor with BoNT. As to autonomic symptoms: Focal hyperhidrosis and detrusor hyperactivity can be mentioned, in this last case BoNT has already been approved. A number of further but rare indications such as freezing-of-gait, dyskinesia, and dysphagia will be discussed and evaluated.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.