ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2021
Redlines and Greenspace: The Relationship between Historical Redlining and 2010 Greenspace across the United States.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 160 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
160 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Methodologic Strategies for Quantifying Associations of Historical and Contemporary Mortgage Discrimination on Population Health Equity: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of historic neighborhood redlining and contemporary health outcomes.Public health · 2025Pooled it
- Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease-Related Outcomes Among Cancer Survivors in the United States: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Heart, lung & circulation · 2024Pooled it
- Inequalities in noise will affect urban wildlife.Nature ecology & evolution · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of Abandoned Housing Interventions on Gun Violence, Perceptions of Safety, and Substance Use in Black Neighborhoods: A Citywide Cluster Randomized Trial.JAMA internal medicine · 2023Trial
- Historic residential segregation impacts biodiversity data availability disparately across the tree of life.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- From past, persisting, and consolidating ecologies of segregation to ecologies of repair.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Beyond redlining: Gentrification, displacement, disadvantages, and exclusivity predict urban environmental and health inequities.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Industrial Air Toxicant Exposure and Individual Mortality: Evidence from the Americans' Changing Lives Cohort, 1986-2019.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Enhancing Gun Violence Surveillance with Endemic-Epidemic Modeling: A Case Study in Washington, D.C.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Redlining, Urban Heat, and Climate Hazards: Impacts on Children's Cardiometabolic Health.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Racialized economic concentration predicts storm-related injuries and deaths in the United States, 2005-2022.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Ancestry-Calibrated Polygenic Risk Scores Predict PTSD Trajectories in Recent Trauma Survivors and Interact with Neighborhood Resources.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- From Past to Present: Examining the Associations Between Historical Racialized Housing Interventions and Current-Day Neighborhood-level Outcomes: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Street view-based exposure to greenspace and mortality: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Environment international · 2026Article
- Revisiting 'environmental effects': Directions for multidisciplinary investigations of air quality and psychopathology.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Indoor Thermal Environments, Cooling Access, and Energy Burden in New Orleans, LA: Challenges and Opportunities for Heat Adaptation.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Warm season hourly temperature and psychiatric emergencies: A case-crossover study of a vulnerable population in Boston, 2005-2019.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Neighborhood privilege and environmental conditions in urban parks: an analysis across the 24 most populated urban areas in the United States.Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site] · 2026Article
- A preconception cohort study of historical mortgage lending discrimination and present-day fecundability.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
100 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionRedlining, a racist mortgage appraisal practice of the 1930s, established and exacerbated racial residential segregation boundaries in the United States. Investment risk grades assigned
objectivesWe compared 2010 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across previous HOLC neighborhood grades using propensity score restriction and matching.
methodsSecurity map shapefiles were downloaded from the Mapping Inequality Project. Neighborhood investment risk grades included A (best, green), B (blue), C (yellow), and D (hazardous, red, i.e., redlined). We used 2010 satellite imagery to calculate the average NDVI for each HOLC neighborhood. Our main outcomes were 2010 annual average NDVI and summer NDVI. We assigned areal-apportioned 1940 census measures to each HOLC neighborhood. We used propensity score restriction, matching, and targeted maximum likelihood estimation to limit model extrapolation, reduce confounding, and estimate the association between HOLC grade and NDVI for the following comparisons: Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C.
resultsAcross 102 urban areas (4,141 HOLC polygons), annual average DISCUSSION: Estimates adjusted for historical characteristics indicate that neighborhoods assigned worse HOLC grades in the 1930s are associated with reduced present-day greenspace. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7495.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.