ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2021
Homotypic and Heterotypic Protection and Risk of Reinfection Following Natural Norovirus Infection in a Highly Endemic Setting.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunogenicity and tolerability of a bivalent virus-like particle norovirus vaccine candidate in children from 6 months up to 4 years of age: A phase 2 randomized, double-blind trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Norovirus Infections in Early Life; the PREVAIL Cohort, 2017-2020.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Long-term antibody dynamics challenge the paradigm of lifelong homotypic immunity to dengue virus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Norovirus Immunity: Implications for Vaccine Design.Annual review of pathology · 2026Review
- Manipulation of immunodominant variable epitopes of norovirus capsid protein elicited cross-blocking antibodies to different GII.4 variants despite the low potency of the polyclonal sera.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- The saga to monitor and control norovirus: the rise of GII.17.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development.NPJ vaccines · 2024Review
- Predicting Dominant Genotypes in Norovirus Seasons in Japan.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Infant antibody and B-cell responses following confirmed pediatric GII.17 norovirus infections functionally distinguish GII.17 genetic clusters.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Clinical and In Vitro Evidence Favoring Immunoglobulin Treatment of a Chronic Norovirus Infection in a Patient With Common Variable Immunodeficiency.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Preexisting Heterotypic Ligand-blocking Antibody Does Not Protect Against Genogroup II Norovirus Episodes in Young Children.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2022Article
- Profiling of humoral immune responses to norovirus in children across Europe.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Secretor Status Strongly Influences the Incidence of Symptomatic Norovirus Infection in a Genotype-Dependent Manner in a Nicaraguan Birth Cohort.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Cross-reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies mapping to variable antigenic sites on the norovirus major capsid protein.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Serological Humoral Immunity Following Natural Infection of Children with High Burden Gastrointestinal Viruses.Viruses · 2021Review
- Global Trends in Norovirus Genotype Distribution among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis.Emerging infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Birth Cohort Studies: Toward Understanding Protective Immunity to Human Noroviruses.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Single-step RT-PCR assay for dual genotyping of GI and GII norovirus strains.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2021Article
- Recent advances in human norovirus research and implications for candidate vaccines.Expert review of vaccines · 2020Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNorovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, yet there is limited information on homotypic or heterotypic protection following natural infection to guide vaccine development.
methodsA total of 6020 stools collected from 299 Peruvian children between 2010 and 2014 were tested by norovirus real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction followed by sequence-based genotyping. Cox proportional hazards models were used to derive adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of infection among children with vs without prior exposure.
resultsNorovirus was detected in 1288 (21.3%) samples. GII.4 (26%), GII.6 (19%), and GI.3 (9%) viruses accounted for 54% of infections. Homotypic protection for GI.3 (HR, 0.35; P = .015), GI.7 (HR, 0.19; P = .022), GII.4 (HR, 0.39; P < .001), and GII.6 (HR, 0.52; P = .006) infections was observed. Hazard analysis showed that children with prior GII.4 infection exhibited heterotypic protection with a 48% reduction of subsequent GI.3 infection (HR, 0.52; P = .005). Prior exposure to GI.3, GII.2, and GII.17 infections enhanced susceptibility to subsequent infections with several other norovirus genotypes.
conclusionsChildren up to 2 years of age infected with GII.4 noroviruses demonstrated both homotypic and heterotypic protection to reinfection with other genotypes. These data support the need for ongoing vaccine development efforts with GII.4 as the main component and caution the inclusion of genotypes that may enhance susceptibility to infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.