ArticleInflammation2021
MicroRNA 21 Elicits a Pro-inflammatory Response in Macrophages, with Exosomes Functioning as Delivery Vehicles.
Article in Inflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside ameliorates muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiomyocytes.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Orthogonal recognition of miRNA and lncRNA enables high-fidelity cancer diagnostics.Communications chemistry · 2026Article
- Article
- Cardiovascular toxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: mechanisms linking immune dysregulation and myocardial fibrosis.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- From immune desert to hot tumor: the tripartite synergy of tumor microenvironment-exosomes-immunogenic cell death in pioneering solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Polarized Macrophages and Their Exosomes: Implications for Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Diseases.Biology · 2025Review
- Review
- Exosomes in inflammation and cancer: from bench to bedside applications.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Exosomal non-coding RNAs: gatekeepers of inflammation in autoimmune disease.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Review
- Inhalable Exosomes in Respiratory Therapies with the Transformative Potential.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Nrf2 Plays a Key Role in Erythropoiesis during Aging.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- miR-21 Expressed by Dermal Fibroblasts Enhances Skin Wound Healing Through the Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokine Expression.Inflammation · 2024Article
- The Increasing Diagnostic Role of Exosomes in Inflammatory Diseases to Leverage the Therapeutic Biomarkers.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Review
- Review
- Monocytes subsets altered distribution and dysregulated plasma hsa-miR-21-5p and hsa-miR-155-5p in HCV-linked liver cirrhosis progression to hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Milk-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Osteogenic Differentiation and Inhibit Inflammation via microRNA-21.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Inflammation Modifies miR-21 Expression Within Neuronal Extracellular Vesicles to Regulate Remyelination Following Spinal Cord Injury.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2023Article
- The Biology of Lysosomes: From Order to Disorder.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
MicroRNAs can regulate inflammatory responses by modulating macrophage polarization. Although microRNA miR-21 is linked to crucial processes involved in inflammatory responses, its precise role in macrophage polarization is controversial. In this study, we investigated the functional relevance of endogenous miRNA-21 and the role of exosomes. RAW 264.7 macrophages were transfected with miR-21 plasmid, and the inflammatory response was evaluated by flow cytometry, phagocytosis, and real-time PCR analysis of inflammatory cytokines. To understand the signaling pathways' role, the cells were treated with inhibitors specific for PI3K or NFĸB. Exosomes from transfected cells were used to study the paracrine action of miR-21 on naive macrophages. Overexpression of miR-21 resulted in significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pushing the cells towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, with partial involvement of PI3K and NFĸB signal pathways. The cells also secreted miR-21 rich exosomes, which, on delivery to naive macrophages, caused them to exhibit pro-inflammatory activity. The presence of miR-21 inhibitor quenched the inflammatory response. This study validates the pro-inflammatory property of miR-21 with a tendency to foster an inflammatory milieu. Our findings also reinforce the dual importance of exosomal miR-21 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in inflammatory conditions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.