ReviewFrontiers in robotics and AI2018
Avatar Embodiment. Towards a Standardized Questionnaire.
Review in Frontiers in robotics and AI, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- EEG biomarkers of the sense of embodiment: methodological gaps and evidence-based recommendations from a systematic review.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Borders of physical self in virtual reality: a systematic review of virtual hand position discrepancy detection.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Usability Issues of Clinical and Research Applications of Virtual Reality in Older People: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Social Presence: Definition, Antecedents, and Implications.Frontiers in robotics and AI · 2018Pooled it
- Immersive virtual reality with synchronous neurostimulation for upper-limb recovery after stroke: a randomized feasibility trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Psychological outcomes and intention to use following an 8-week virtual reality tennis training programme: a randomised controlled trial with exploratory mediation analysis.BMC psychology · 2026Trial
- Cooperative learning in anatomy: Comparing virtual avatars and human specimens.Anatomical sciences education · 2026Trial
- Exploring the impact of immersive virtual reality on depression knowledge and stigma reduction: a cross-over RCT fMRI study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Transfer of motor skill between virtual reality viewed using a head-mounted display and conventional screen environments.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2020Trial
- Linking Embodiment, Simulator Sickness, and EEG Activity During XR-BCI Use: A Single-Participant Case Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Development of a core outcome set for clinical trials of extended reality for pain.Pain reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Viability of Virtual Reality for Children's Food Choice Research: Comparative Mixed Methods Study.JMIR human factors · 2026Article
- Proprioceptive-augmented virtual reality influences the kinematic properties of movement imitation.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Moderate electrical muscle stimulation during voluntary movement does not disrupt the sense of agency or ownership.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Using a virtual reality role-playing game to enhance interaction dynamics and improve social attitudes toward transgender people.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Children's Embodiment of Non-Human Virtual Hand Forms.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Adult age differences in the modulation of peripersonal space after tool use in virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Non-immersive robot teleoperation does not reliably affect egocentric dishonesty but can influence altruistic dishonesty.iScience · 2026Article
- Movement speed of an autonomous prosthetic limb shapes embodiment, usability and robotic social attributes in virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Beyond heartbeats: re-thinking interoception in autism through virtual reality and computational modelling.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2026Review
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inside virtual reality, users can embody avatars that are collocated from a first-person perspective. When doing so, participants have the feeling that the own body has been substituted by the self-avatar, and that the new body is the source of the sensations. Embodiment is complex as it includes not only body ownership over the avatar, but also agency, co-location, and external appearance. Despite the multiple variables that influence it, the illusion is quite robust, and it can be produced even if the self-avatar is of a different age, size, gender, or race from the participant's own body. Embodiment illusions are therefore the basis for many social VR experiences and a current active research area among the community. Researchers are interested both in the body manipulations that can be accepted, as well as studying how different self-avatars produce different attitudinal, social, perceptual, and behavioral effects. However, findings suggest that despite embodiment being strongly associated with the performance and reactions inside virtual reality, the extent to which the illusion is experienced varies between participants. In this paper, we review the questionnaires used in past experiments and propose a standardized embodiment questionnaire based on 25 questions that are prevalent in the literature. We encourage future virtual reality experiments that include first-person virtual avatars to administer this questionnaire in order to evaluate the degree of embodiment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.