ReviewMucosal immunology2021
The lung-gut axis during viral respiratory infections: the impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes.
Review in Mucosal immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 206 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
206 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 296 citations in OpenAlex.
- Strain-Specific Effects of Early-Life Probiotic Supplementation on Respiratory Infections in Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Traditional Chinese medicine in influenza treatment: a bibliometric analysis integrating multiple databases.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- The Intriguing Connection Between the Gut and Lung Microbiomes.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Respiratory and Gut Microbiome Modification during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- COVID-19 alters human microbiomes: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Nicotinamide modulates gut microbial metabolic potential and accelerates recovery in mild-to-moderate COVID-19.Nature metabolism · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Article
- Review
- Gut microbial allies and adversaries in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- Axial Connectivity of the Lung Microbiome: A Review of Interorgan Crosstalk.Comprehensive physiology · 2026Review
- NEC-Associated Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and the Gut-Lung Axis in Preterm Infants.American journal of perinatology · 2026Review
- The calf holobiont under challenge: longitudinal microbiota-pathogen dynamics and respiratory health.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- The Impact of Plant-Derived Foods and Medicines on the Lung-Gut Axis and Microbiota Cross-Talk.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The lung-brain axis in neurodegeneration: inflammatory, immune, and vascular mechanisms with therapeutic implications.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Decoding Microbiota-Immune Interplay in Viral Pathogenesis: Toward Next-Generation Antiviral Therapies.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Complementary Protective Effects of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum GUANKE and Picolinic Acid Against Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Gut Hi-C metagenomes of severe COVID-19 patients: bacteria and yeast involved in gut-lung axis.mSphere · 2026Article
- Structure-Based Comparative Metabolomics Identifies LysoPE 15:0 as a Candidate Metabolite Marker of Influenza Virus Infection Dynamics.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
146 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacteria that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract are essential for good health. The gut microbiota has a critical role in pulmonary immunity and host's defense against viral respiratory infections. The gut microbiota's composition and function can be profoundly affected in many disease settings, including acute infections, and these changes can aggravate the severity of the disease. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which the gut microbiota arms the lung to control viral respiratory infections. We summarize the impact of viral respiratory infections on the gut microbiota and discuss the potential mechanisms leading to alterations of gut microbiota's composition and functions. We also discuss the effects of gut microbial imbalance on disease outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders and secondary bacterial infections. Lastly, we discuss the potential role of the lung-gut axis in coronavirus disease 2019.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.