Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33500432›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil.

Giancarlo Spizzirri, Raí Eufrásio, Maria Cristina Pereira Lima, Hélio Rubens de Carvalho Nunes, Baudewijntje P C Kreukels, Thomas D Steensma, Carmita Helena Najjar Abdo

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
58citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

58 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Hormone therapy and cancer risks in transgender people: a systematic review.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2025
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  12. Mental Health Outcomes AmongInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Giancarlo SpizzirriDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. giancki@uol.com.br.
Raí EufrásioIndependent Researcher, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Maria Cristina Pereira LimaDepartment of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Hélio Rubens de Carvalho NunesPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
Baudewijntje P C KreukelsDepartment of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise On Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Thomas D SteensmaDepartment of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise On Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Carmita Helena Najjar AbdoDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Studies estimate that gender-diverse persons represent 0.1 to 2% of populations investigated, but no such assessment was performed in Latin America. In a representative sample of Brazil's adult population (n = 6000), we investigated participants' sociodemographic characteristics and possible associations between these and current gender identity, categorized as cisgender, transgender or non-binary gender. We also investigated transgender individuals' distress associated with gender-related body characteristics. As main results, we found that transgender individuals represented 0.69% (CI95% = 0.48-0.90) of the sample, whereas non-binary persons were 1.19% (CI95% = 0.92-1.47). These percentages were not different among Brazil's 5 geographic regions. Preliminary analyses showed that transgender individuals were on average younger (32.8 ± 14.2 years, CI95% = 28.5-37.1), compared to cisgender (42.2 ± 15.9, CI95% = 42.5-42.8) and non-binary (42.1 ± 16.5 years, CI95% = 38.3-46.5) groups. Non-binary persons are less likely to be in a relationship compared to cisgender individuals (OR = 0.57, CI95% = 0.35-0.93). In the transgender group, 85% of transgender men and 50% of transgender women reported distress due to gender-related body characteristics. Our main findings draw attention that gender-diverse Brazilian individuals represent around 2% of the country's adult population (almost 3 million people), and are homogeneously located throughout the country, reiterating the urgency of public health policies for these individuals in the five Brazilian sub-regions.

Indexed as

AdultBrazilFemaleGender IdentityHumansMaleMiddle AgedSurveys and QuestionnairesTransgender Persons

Identifiers

PMID33500432
PMCPMC7838397

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.