SynthesisBMJ open2021
Lifestyle factors associated with incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in US adults: analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Healthy dietary pattern and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Association between passive smoking and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical rheumatology · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review with meta-analysis of the effects of smoking cessation strategies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Parity, body mass index, smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.BMC rheumatology · 2026Article
- Association ofFrontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Cigarette smoking habits and attitudes among rheumatoid arthritis patients at a tertiary centre in South Africa.Journal of the colleges of medicine of South Africa · 2026Article
- Influence of Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors on Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Saudi Arabia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Metabolic diseases and lifestyle factors affect arthritis incidence in old Europeans - a cross analysis from the SHARE project.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Quantifying and improving rheumatoid arthritis algorithm performance in biobank settings.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2025Article
- The role of triglycerides in predicting new-onset arthritis in the general population over 45 years old: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Impacts of rs7528684 (-169T/C) onFrontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- An Exploration of Self-Efficacy and Its Associated Factors among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Taiwan.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Association of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and the Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Women.Arthritis care & research · 2023Article
- Association between work physical activity, dietary factors, and risk of rheumatoid arthritis.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2022Article
- Association of a Combination of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors With Reduced Risk of Incident Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2022Article
- Preclinical Autoimmune Disease: a Comparison of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo quantify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cases attributable to selected non-genetic risk factors.
designNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and meta-analysis.
participantsUS adults. DATA SOURCES: The prevalence of exposure was obtained from NHANES. Weighted analysis was performed to account for the complex sampling design in NHANES. PubMed and Web of Science up to 31 March 2019 were searched to identify epidemiological studies reported the association between non-genetic risk factors and RA in US adults. Relative risk (RR) value and the corresponding CI were pooled by meta-analysis to evaluate the associations between modifiable risk factors and RA. Population attributable fraction (PAF) was calculated based on the prevalence and RR data.
resultsThe weighted percentages of former smokers, current smokers and overweight or obese people were 24.84%, 23.93% and 63.97%, and the average alcohol consumption was 51.34 g/week. In the meta-analysis, we found that former smokers (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.36) and current smokers (RR 1.47, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.68) had higher risks of RA. Overweight and obese individuals had 1.27-fold (95% CI 1.09 to 1.48) increased risk of RA. Each per 50 g/week increment of alcohol consumption was associated with 8% (95% CI 0% to 16%) reduction in the risk of RA. Therefore, PAF value of smoking was 14.00% (95% CI 8.13% to 23.33%). Excess body mass index (BMI) was found to account for 14.73% (95% CI 5.45% to 23.50%) of RA incidence. The fraction of RA risk attributed by low alcohol intake was 8.21% (95% CI 0.31% to 16.39%). Collectively, we found that 32.69% (95% CI 13.41% to 50.96%) of RA cases were attributable to smoking, overweight or obesity and low alcohol drinking.
conclusionNearly 33% of RA incidence was attributed to smoking, excess BMI and low alcohol drinking in USA. Our findings could provide a basis for developing guidelines of RA prevention and control in USA.
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Registered trials
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