ReviewPharmaceutics2021
TLR Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants Targeting Cancer and Infectious Diseases.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 159 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
159 citing papers in PubMed, 274 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Synergistic antitumor immune activation in melanoma using LA-PegPI polymeric gene vaccine in conjunction with PD-1 inhibition.iScience · 2026Article
- Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonists via a Scaffold Hopping Strategy.ACS medicinal chemistry letters · 2026Article
- Conformationally Constrained Phosphonate Backbone Linkages Enhance CpG Oligonucleotide Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 9.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- In Vitro and Embryonic Evaluation of RecombinantPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Unveiling the sensing potential of innate lymphoid cells.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles modulate epithelial antiviral responses via macrophage-mediated immunomodulation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Immunoinformatics-guided design of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting WISP1 for gastric cancer.BMC biotechnology · 2026Article
- The immunoproteome and multimorbidity: A Mendelian randomization study.Science advances · 2026Article
- Computational design of a multi-epitope vaccine against Helicobacter pylori targeting CagA, FliD, urease, and OipA with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) adjuvant.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Advancing Small-Molecule Immunotherapy Through Polymeric Micelle Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of radioresistance: decoding macrophage-driven radioprotective niches through temporal-spatial reprogramming.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Endosome traffic in rheumatic diseases: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Article
- Encapsulation of the lipidated TLR7/8 agonist INI-4001 into ionic liposomes impacts H7 influenza antigen-specific immune responses.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Nanomaterial-Enabled Modulation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Dendritic Cells to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Advances in molecular innate immune regulation in the development and therapeutic strategies of allergic rhinitis vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate ester adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of influenza antigensFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Targeting Toll-like Receptor 2: synthetic diacylated lipopeptides polarize equine macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- An Overview of the Factors Related toVaccines · 2026Review
99 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Modern vaccines have largely shifted from using whole, killed or attenuated pathogens to being based on subunit components. Since this diminishes immunogenicity, vaccine adjuvants that enhance the immune response to purified antigens are critically needed. Further advantages of adjuvants include dose sparing, increased vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised individuals and the potential to protect against highly variable pathogens by broadening the immune response. Due to their ability to link the innate with the adaptive immune response, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are highly promising as adjuvants in vaccines against life-threatening and complex diseases such as cancer, AIDS and malaria. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, which are predominantly expressed by innate immune cells. They can be classified into cell surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) and intracellular TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9), expressed on endosomal membranes. Besides a transmembrane domain, each TLR possesses a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) segment that mediates PAMP/DAMP recognition and a TIR domain that delivers the downstream signal transduction and initiates an inflammatory response. Thus, TLRs are excellent targets for adjuvants to provide a "danger" signal to induce an effective immune response that leads to long-lasting protection. The present review will elaborate on applications of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents, with a focus on clinically relevant adjuvants.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.