ReviewViruses2021
Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virobiome-mediated regulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling and neuroimmune homeostasis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Product Nkabinde Mediates Cytokine Modulation and Antiviral Activity in HIV-Infected MT4 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Dissecting PANoptosis in the Nervous System: A Unified Cell-Death Mechanism Driving Neuroimmune Activation and Chronic Neuroinflammation.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Pathogens of the Human Central Nervous System-the Major Protozoan Parasites and Helminths.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Pathogens of the human central nervous system-the major viral pathogens.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Review
- Pathogens of the Human Central Nervous System- the Major Bacterial Pathogens.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Silent Intruders: The Gut Virome in Brain Aging and Cognitive Decline.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Host Cell Virus Interactions: Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Modulation, Viral Pathogenesis, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.Viruses · 2026Review
- Rewiring of host cell signaling in chikungunya virus infection: a mechanism for pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis in post-traumatic stress disorder: mechanistic integration and translational prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- ADAR1: a central regulator of dsRNA sensing in host-virus interactions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Immuno-metabolic diseases and therapeutics: molecular mechanisms via inflammasome signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Participation of host cell proteins in inclusion bodies of non-segmented RNA virus infected cells: a molecular insight.Virology journal · 2025Review
- IFITMs exhibit antiviral activity against Chikungunya and Zika virus infection via the alteration of TLRs and RLRs signaling pathways.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Human coronaviruses: activation and antagonism of innate immune responses.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Identifying a Gene Deficiency in the Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling Pathway.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- The complex interplay between encephalomyocarditis virus and the host defence system.Virulence · 2024Review
- Oncolytic virus and tumor-associated macrophage interactions in cancer immunotherapy.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Viral infections remain a global public health concern and cause a severe societal and economic burden. At the organismal level, the innate immune system is essential for the detection of viruses and constitutes the first line of defense. Viral components are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be further classified based on their localization into Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS). TLR and RLR signaling results in production of type I interferons (IFNα and -β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-specific manner, whereas NLR signaling leads to the production of interleukin-1 family proteins. On the other hand, CLRs are capable of sensing glycans present in viral pathogens, which can induce phagocytic, endocytic, antimicrobial, and pro- inflammatory responses. Peripheral immune sensing of viruses and the ensuing cytokine response can significantly affect the central nervous system (CNS). But viruses can also directly enter the CNS via a multitude of routes, such as the nasal epithelium, along nerve fibers connecting to the periphery and as cargo of infiltrating infected cells passing through the blood brain barrier, triggering innate immune sensing and cytokine responses directly in the CNS. Here, we review mechanisms of viral immune sensing and currently recognized consequences for the CNS of innate immune responses to viruses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.