ReviewCells2021
Immune Infiltrates in Breast Cancer: Recent Updates and Clinical Implications.
Review in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 151 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 217 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prognostic values of FOXP3Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2023Pooled it
- Liquid biopsy reveals the immune status and protein profiles linked to CTC burden and clinical outcomes in metastatic breast cancer.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Trial
- Impact of RNA Signatures on pCR and Survival after 12-Week Neoadjuvant Pertuzumab plus Trastuzumab with or without Paclitaxel in the WSG-ADAPT HER2+/HR- Trial.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2023Trial
- Modulation of the response to immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer: the role of the microbiota and microbial metabolites in the tumor microenvironment.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Multi-platform analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment associated with breast cancer subtypes.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Advanced gene editing technologies for oncology mechanisms, applications, and clinical implementation.Cancer gene therapy · 2026Review
- DHX15 as a novel immune-related prognostic biomarker in breast cancer: An integrated bioinformatics analysis withOncology letters · 2026Article
- An Exploratory Study on the Interrelation of Breast Cancer Molecular Phenotypes with Breast Cancer-Associated Adipose Tissues (BCAATs), Neoadjuvant, and Adjuvant Therapies: A Focus on Prognosis and Survival.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Prognostic Risk Model Based on Immune Genes in Thyroid Cancer and Its Correlation With Tumor-Associated Immune Cell Infiltration Abundance.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes display prognostic signatures associated with chemotherapy response in TNBC patients.iScience · 2026Article
- Ultrasound and Clinicopathological Features-Based Machine Learning Model for Predicting Neoadjuvant Therapy Efficacy in Breast Cancer.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: molecular mechanisms, spatial regulation, and therapeutic implications.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Review
- Breast cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms of immune evasion, biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Ki67 and Lymphovascular Invasion as Histopathological Predictors of Residual Cancer Burden After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Expression of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Reflects Immune Cells Infiltration and Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer.World journal of oncology · 2026Article
- Evaluating the predictive value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and six diffusion models for prognostic factors in mass-type invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Unlocking the predictive value of post-neoadjuvant immune biomarkers in breast cancer: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII).Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Activating mutations in ESR1 contribute to an immunosuppressive breast tumor microenvironment by dampening cytokine secretion.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Tumor-Infiltrating lymphocyte dynamics as biomarkers of neoadjuvant treatment response in luminal breast cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Bioinformatic Analysis of Contrasting Expression Patterns and Molecular Interactions of TIMPs in Breast Cancer: Implications for Tumor Progression and Survival.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent decades, the increasing interest in the field of immunotherapy has fostered an intense investigation of the breast cancer (BC) immune microenvironment. In this context, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as a clinically relevant and highly reproducible biomarker capable of affecting BC prognosis and response to treatment. Indeed, the evaluation of TILs on primary tumors proved to be strongly prognostic in triple-negative (TN) BC patients treated with either adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as well as in early TNBC patients not receiving any systemic treatment, thus gaining level-1b evidence in this setting. In addition, a strong relationship between TILs and pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been reported in all BC subtypes and the prognostic role of higher TILs in early HER2-positive breast cancer patients has also been demonstrated. The interest in BC immune infiltrates has been further fueled by the introduction of the first immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment armamentarium of advanced TNBC in patients with PD-L1-positive status by FDA-approved assays. However, despite these advances, a biomarker capable of reliably and exhaustively predicting immunotherapy benefit in BC is still lacking, highlighting the imperative need to further deepen this issue. Finally, more comprehensive evaluation of immune infiltrates integrating both the quantity and quality of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and incorporation of TILs in composite scores encompassing other clinically or biologically relevant biomarkers, as well as the adoption of software-based and/or machine learning platforms for a more comprehensive characterization of BC immune infiltrates, are emerging as promising strategies potentially capable of optimizing patient selection and stratification in the research field. In the present review, we summarize available evidence and recent updates on immune infiltrates in BC, focusing on current clinical applications, potential clinical implications and major unresolved issues.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.