ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Escape from X Chromosome Inactivation and the Female Predominance in Autoimmune Diseases.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex hormones affect the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence and correlates of antinuclear antibodies in a Japanese community sample: a cross-sectional study.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2026Article
- Role of sex and gender in autoimmune thyroid diseases: mechanisms and knowledge gaps.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Sex, Sex Hormones and Inflammatory Burden and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Spondyloarthritis.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Deficiency in circulating T cells in four core genotypes mice with Sry translocation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Escape from X-chromosome inactivation: from gene discovery to regulatory mechanisms.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Macrophages and the Survival of Cardiomyocytes After Myocardial Infarction.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Review
- Placental and juvenile immune responses to maternal immune activation are differentially regulated by sex chromosomes and gonads across gestation.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations between parental history of dementia and plasma markers of inflammation in a multi-ethnic middle-aged community of adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex hormones and gender differences in immune responses and anticancer immunity: a comprehensive review.Biologia futura · 2026Review
- Sex-Specific Factors Influencing HIV Infection.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Aging-associated autoimmunity in genetically diverse UM-HET3 mice shows an early female sex bias.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Harnessing PDX and PDX 2.0: the next-generation paradigm for precision oncology and translational breakthroughs.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- High-protein diets increase microbiota associated p-cresol production in the colon and reduce gut barrier function in a sex-dependent manner.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Lyonization of X-chromosome: New insights.Journal of genetics · 2026Review
- Genomic Instability and Clonal Hematopoiesis in the Deep-Space Environment: The Role of Sex-Chromosome Asymmetry and High-LET Radiation.Current stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Sex-specific insights in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension: an overlooked comorbidity.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Women represent 80% of people affected by autoimmune diseases. Although, many studies have demonstrated a role for sex hormone receptor signaling, particularly estrogens, in the direct regulation of innate and adaptive components of the immune system, recent data suggest that female sex hormones are not the only cause of the female predisposition to autoimmunity. Besides sex steroid hormones, growing evidence points towards the role of X-linked genetic factors. In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during embryonic development, resulting in a cellular mosaicism, where about one-half of the cells in a given tissue express either the maternal X chromosome or the paternal one. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is however not complete and 15 to 23% of genes from the inactive X chromosome (Xi) escape XCI, thereby contributing to the emergence of a female-specific heterogeneous population of cells with bi-allelic expression of some X-linked genes. Although the direct contribution of this genetic mechanism in the female susceptibility to autoimmunity still remains to be established, the cellular mosaicism resulting from XCI escape is likely to create a unique functional plasticity within female immune cells. Here, we review recent findings identifying key immune related genes that escape XCI and the relationship between gene dosage imbalance and functional responsiveness in female cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.