ArticleInfection2021
Worldwide inverse correlation between Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization and COVID-19 mortality.
Article in Infection, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination policies in reducing infection and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review.Global health research and policy · 2022Pooled it
- Low vitamin D status is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Multiple BCG vaccinations for the prevention of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in type 1 diabetes.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Trial
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Healthcare Workers: A Case-Control Study in Cape Verde.Portuguese journal of public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Non-specific protection against severe COVID-19 associated to typhoid fever and DTP vaccination.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Determinants of COVID-19 cases and deaths in OECD countries.Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health · 2023Article
- BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents.International immunopharmacology · 2022Review
- Mapping BCG vaccination coverage in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2019.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Spurious early ecological association suggesting BCG vaccination effectiveness for COVID-19.PloS one · 2022Article
- Effect of BCG on Respiratory Complications Caused by COVID-19: A Scoping Review.International journal of general medicine · 2022Article
- Intelligent system based comparative analysis study of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and antigenic proteins in different types of vaccines.Beni-Suef University journal of basic and applied sciences · 2022Article
- The Natural Effect of BCG Vaccination on COVID-19: The Debate Continues.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Country-level factors dynamics and ABO/Rh blood groups contribution to COVID-19 mortality.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- COVID-19 and Beyond: Exploring Public Health Benefits from Non-Specific Effects of BCG Vaccination.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Worldwide inverse correlation between Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization and COVID-19 mortality.Infection · 2021Article
- COVID-19 Severity and Neonatal BCG Vaccination among Young Population in Taiwan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Harnessing the Neurobiology of Resilience to Protect the Mental Well-Being of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Frontiers in psychology · 2021Review
- Does Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Provides Protection against COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social MedicineReview
- So Few COVID-19 Cases in Taiwan: Has Population Immune Health Played a Role?Frontiers in public healthArticle
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Abstract
purposeThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread to all countries in the world, and different countries have been impacted differently. The study aims to understand what factors contribute to different COVID-19 impacts at the country level.
methodsMultivariate statistical analyses were used to evaluate COVID-19 deaths and cases relative to nine other demographic and socioeconomic factors in all countries and regions of the world using data as of August 1, 2020. The factors analyzed in the study include a country's total COVID-19 deaths and cases per million population, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, virus tests per million population, median age, government response stringency index, hospital beds availability per thousand population, extreme poverty rate, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination rate, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) immunization rate.
resultsThe study reveals that COVID-19 deaths per million population in a country most significantly correlates, inversely, with the country's BCG vaccination rate (r = - 0.50, p = 5.3e-5), and also significantly correlates a country's per capita GDP (r = 0.39, p = 7.4e-3) and median age (r = 0.30, p = 0.042), while COVID-19 cases per million population significantly correlate with per capita GDP and tests per thousand population. To control for possible confounding effects of age, the correlation was assessed in countries propensity score matched for age. The inverse correlation between BCG vaccination rates and COVID-19 case (r = - 0.30, p = 0.02) and death (r = - 0.42, p = 0.0007) remained significant among the top 61 countries with the highest median age.
conclusionThis study contributes to a growing body of evidence supporting the notion that BCG vaccination may be protective against COVID-19 mortality.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.