SynthesisCMAJ open
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in CMAJ open. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pneumonia as a predictor of diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease: a national cohort study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2026Article
- Stroke-Associated Pneumonia and Impaired Functional Recovery After Stroke: The Role of Nutritional-Inflammatory Factors.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Factors associated with severe pneumonia in adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia in Mongolia.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Shapes a Distinct Semaphorin-Cytokine Immune Signature in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Immune biomarkers for predicting postoperative pneumonia following hip fracture surgery.Biomarkers in medicine · 2025Article
- Emergency planned re-infusion therapy and hospitalisation for community-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective case-control study.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Association between Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels and Vaccine Preventable Diseases: A Systematic Review.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Naturally acquired antibodies against 4 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Pakistani adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.PloS one · 2024Article
- Predictors of Length of Stay, Rehospitalization and Mortality in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- A Hint from Wnt: Squamous Cell Differentiation in the Airways.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2023Article
- Metformin Use Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Veterans With Diabetes Hospitalized With Pneumonia.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Clinical characteristics and pathogen analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Observational
- The Impact of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease on Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia Outcomes.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Considerations for management of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute COVID-19.World journal of diabetes · 2022Article
- Lefamulin: a New Hope in the Field of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia.Current pharmacology reports · 2022Review
- A nomogram based on nutritional status and AFrontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Sex-Related Disparities in the Incidence and Outcomes of Community-Acquired Pneumonia among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis Using the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database for the Period 2016-2019.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Occult Pulmonary Infection in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.BioMed research international · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPeople with type 2 diabetes are at greater risk for infections than those without type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to examine the association between type 2 diabetes and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
methodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, ProQuest theses and dissertations, Global Health, the Global Index Medicus of the World Health Organization, and Google Scholar. We included observational studies published in English or French between Jan. 1, 1946 (start of MEDLINE) and July 18, 2020. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed quality using the ROBINS-I tool. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models were used to pool estimates of the association between type 2 diabetes and CAP.
resultsOur systematic review included 15 articles, reporting on 13 cohort studies and 4 case-control studies (14 538 968 patients). All studies reported an increased risk of pneumonia among patients with type 2 diabetes, and all were at serious risk of bias. When estimates were pooled across studies, the pooled relative risk was 1.64 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55-1.73); although there was a substantial amount of relative heterogeneity (
interpretationType 2 diabetes may be associated with an increased risk of CAP; however, the available evidence is from studies at serious risk of bias, and additional, high-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42018116409.
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