ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Timing matters when correcting fake news.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Spotting false news and doubting true news: a systematic review and meta-analysis of news judgements.Nature human behaviour · 2025Pooled it
- Susceptibility to online misinformation: A systematic meta-analysis of demographic and psychological factors.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Pooled it
- Using a mental model approach to undercut the effects of exposure to mRNA vaccination misconceptions: Two randomized trials.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Trial
- How do we raise media bias awareness effectively? Effects of visualizations to communicate bias.PloS one · 2022Trial
- Intuitions about content moderation are misaligned with effective practices for reducing conspiracy beliefs.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- Layperson and Healthcare Professional Experiences of Medical Misinformation About Masks on Social Media During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Thematic Framework Analysis.Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy · 2025Article
- Prebunking and credible source corrections increase election credibility: Evidence from the US and Brazil.Science advances · 2025Article
- Shared disbelief and shared belief: Belief and disbelief as drivers of interpersonal neural synchronization during narrative processing.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Countering AI-generated misinformation with pre-emptive source discreditation and debunking.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Labeling AI-generated media online.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Processing of veracity cues: how processing difficulty affects the memory of event description and judgment of confidence.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2025Article
- A study of Facebook comments regarding amber teething necklaces: insights into public perception.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2025Article
- Bypassing versus correcting misinformation: Efficacy and fundamental processes.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2025Article
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- Fact-checking information from large language models can decrease headline discernment.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
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- Fact-checker warning labels are effective even for those who distrust fact-checkers.Nature human behaviour · 2024Article
- Bypassing as a non-confrontational influence strategy.Current opinion in psychology · 2024Review
- Investigating the role of source and source trust in prebunks and debunks of misinformation in online experiments across four EU countries.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Countering misinformation can reduce belief in the moment, but corrective messages quickly fade from memory. We tested whether the longer-term impact of fact-checks depends on when people receive them. In two experiments (total
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.