ReviewBiomedicines2021
Checkpoint Inhibitors and Hepatotoxicity.
Review in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global assessment of hepatic safety in novel immunotherapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between cholesterol and liver injury risk in solid cancer patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors: evidence from two cohort studies.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- RUCAM-ascertained immunology and autoimmunity specifics of six idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury types with refined classification: their individual complex molecular interplay.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A therapeutic HBV vaccine containing a checkpoint modifier enhances CD8+ T cell and antiviral responses.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Hepatic resection for metastatic melanoma in the era of targeted therapy: A case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2024Article
- The Epidemiology of Newly Recognized Causes of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: An Update.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Tacrolimus for the Management of Delayed Onset and Treatment-Refractory Immune-Related Hepatitis.ACG case reports journal · 2023Article
- An Immunological Perspective on the Mechanism of Drug Induced Liver Injury: Focused on Drugs for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Transplantation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Current status of steroid-refractory immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-related hepatotoxicity.Translational oncology · 2023Review
- From spotlight to shadow: ALK inhibitor-induced acute liver failure in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer.Archive of clinical cases · 2023Article
- Hepatotoxicity in immune checkpoint inhibitors: A pharmacovigilance study from 2014-2021.PloS one · 2023Article
- Treatment of Drug-Induced Liver Injury.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Hepatotoxicity Induced by Biological Agents: Clinical Features and Current Controversies.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2022Review
- Article
- Review
- Initial Experience of Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Real-World Clinical Practice.Cancers · 2021Article
- Checkpoint Inhibitor Induced Acute Liver Failure.Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Uncontrolled immune response to a pathogen or any protein can lead to tissue damage and autoimmune diseases, that represent aberrant immune responses of the individual to its own cells and/or proteins. The immune checkpoint system is the regulatory mechanism that controls immune responses. Tumor cells escape the immune surveillance mechanism, avoiding immune detection and elimination by activating these checkpoints and suppressing the anti-tumor response, thus allowing formation of tumors. Antigenic modulation facilitates masking and contributes to the escape of tumor cells. In addition, there are growing cell promoters, like transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), contributing to escape mechanisms. Targeting the immunological escape of malignant cells is the basis of immune oncology. Checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines and their antibodies may enhance the immune system's response to tumors. Currently, immunomodulatory agents have been designed, evaluated in clinical trials and have been approved by both European and United States Drug Agencies. The present review is a reflection of the increasingly important role of the checkpoint inhibitors. Our aim is to review the side effects with the emphasis on hepatic adverse reactions of these novel biological drug interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.