ReviewNutrients2021
Cow's Milk Allergy or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Can We Solve the Dilemma in Infants?
Review in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guidelines on diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants, children and adolescents: a joint consensus from Italian pediatric societies (SIP and SIGENP) -part I. diagnosis.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Guideline
- Guidelines on diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants, children and adolescents: a joint consensus from Italian pediatric societies (SIP and SIGENP) -Part II: management.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Guideline
- The relationship between amino acids and gastroesophageal reflux disease: evidence from a mendelian randomization analysis combined with a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- [Research progress and clinical practice considerations on assessment tools for gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants and young children].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Review
- Medical and surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in the neonate.Seminars in perinatology · 2026Review
- Article
- Cow milk protein allergy mimics in infancy.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Review
- Cow's milk protein allergy: A comprehensive review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and management strategies.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Review
- Review
- Evaluating the reflux suppression properties of Gaviscon Infant powder with different milk formulations using an in vitro model of the infant stomach.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association Between Dinner-to-Bed Time and Gastroesophageal Reflux-Related Diseases in Children.Cureus · 2025Article
- Approach to the spectrum of infant non-IgE-mediated food allergy manifestations and physiologic infant behaviors.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2025Review
- Serum eosinophil-derived neurotoxin: a new promising biomarker for cow's milk allergy diagnosis.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Metabolomics in Children Cow's Milk Protein Allergy: Possible Contribution from a System Biology Approach?Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- Research progress on the mechanism of probiotics regulating cow milk allergy in early childhood and its application in hypoallergenic infant formula.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- The Remaining Challenge to Diagnose and Manage Cow's Milk Allergy: An Opinion Paper to Daily Clinical Practice.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Efficacy of an extensively hydrolyzed formula with the addition of synbiotics in infants with cow's milk protein allergy: a real-world evidence study.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Article
- The use of amino acid formulas in pediatric patients with allergy to cow's milk proteins: Recommendations from a group of experts.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Cow's milk-induced gastrointestinal disorders: From infancy to adulthood.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy (CMA) and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) may manifest with similar symptoms in infants making the diagnosis challenging. While immediate reaction to cow's milk protein indicate CMA, regurgitation, vomiting, crying, fussiness, poor appetite, sleep disturbances have been reported in both CMA and GERD and in other conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders, eosinophilic esophagitis, anatomic abnormalities, metabolic and neurological diseases. Gastrointestinal manifestations of CMA are often non-IgE mediated and clinical response to cow's milk free diet is not a proof of immune system involvement. Neither for non-IgE CMA nor for GERD there is a specific symptom or diagnostic test. Oral food challenge, esophageal pH impedance and endoscopy are recommended investigations for a correct clinical classification but they are not always feasible in all infants. As a consequence of the diagnostic difficulty, both over- and under- diagnosis of CMA or GERD may occur. Quite frequently acid inhibitors are empirically started. The aim of this review is to critically update the current knowledge of both conditions during infancy. A practical stepwise approach is proposed to help health care providers to manage infants presenting with persistent regurgitation, vomiting, crying or distress and to solve the clinical dilemma between GERD or CMA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.