ArticleNature2021
Global absence and targeting of protective immune states in severe COVID-19.
Erratum issuedOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 172 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
172citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
16.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 273 citations in OpenAlex.
- A consensus immune dysregulation framework for sepsis and critical illnesses.Nature medicine · 2025Guideline
- Systemic cytokines drive conserved severity-associated myeloid responses across bacterial and viral infections.Communications biology · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data reveals phenotypic switching of immune cells in severe COVID-19 patients.Computers in biology and medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Immune signatures underlying post-acute COVID-19 lung sequelae.Science immunology · 2021Trial
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety of XAV-19, a Swine Glyco-humanized Polyclonal Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody, for COVID-19-Related Moderate Pneumonia: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase IIa Study.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2021Trial
- A single-cell atlas of human neutrophils reveals neutrophil heterogeneity across health and disease.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Granulocyte heterogeneity in immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases: insights from single-cell transcriptomic analyses.International immunology · 2026Review
- Selective decay of interferon mRNAs controls antiviral immunity and innate memory.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- Glycosylation profile ofiScience · 2026Article
- Immunopathogenesis and Cytokine Pathways in Reactive Infectious Mucocutaneous Eruption (RIME) in Pediatric Population: Infectious Triggers and Molecular Insights.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Current Insights into Clinical, Molecular, and Therapeutic Approaches to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Neutrophil heterogeneity in Kawasaki disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Exploring phenotype-related single-cells through attention-enhanced representation learning.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Spatial fibroblast niches define Crohn's fistulae.Nature · 2026Article
- Nicheformer: a foundation model for single-cell and spatial omics.Nature methods · 2025Article
- Article
- IL7RBrain and behavior · 2025Article
- Article
- Multi-cohort analysis identifies a blood-based immune transcriptomic signature for early lung cancer detection.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Article
- Integrated analysis of COVID-19 multi-omics data for eQTLs reveals genetic mechanisms underlying disease severity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
- Update of
- Update of
Authors and funding
42 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Alexis J Combes *Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Alexis.Combes@ucsf.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9110-6542
Tristan Courau *Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1819-9516
Nicholas F Kuhn *Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kenneth H Hu *Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0294-0202
Arja Ray *Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
William S ChenImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nayvin W ChewDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Simon J ClearyImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5573-6363
Divyashree KushnoorDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Gabriella C ReederDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Alan ShenDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Jessica TsuiDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kamir J Hiam-GalvezImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1956-0257
Priscila Muñoz-SandovalImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Wandi S ZhuImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
David S LeeImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6539-4272
Yang SunImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ran YouDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Mélia MagnenImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Lauren RodriguezImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
K W ImDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nina K SerwasDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2243-5446
Aleksandra LeligdowiczDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Colin R ZamecnikImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9477-1388
Rita P LoudermilkImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9970-5112
Michael R WilsonImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-5084
Chun J YeImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6560-3783
Gabriela K FragiadakisImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Mark R LooneyImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0241-9190
Vincent ChanDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-6726
Alyssa WardInstitute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Sidney CarrilloDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
UCSF COMET Consortium
Michael MatthayDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3039-8155
David J ErleImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2171-0648
Prescott G WoodruffImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Charles LangelierDivision of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kirsten KangelarisDivision of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Carolyn M HendricksonDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Carolyn CalfeeDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Arjun Arkal RaoDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. ArjunArkal.Rao@ucsf.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4480-3190
Matthew F KrummelDepartment of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Matthew.Krummel@ucsf.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7915-3533
University of California, San Francisco · USSan Francisco General Hospital · US
Funding
Understanding Asthma EndotypesU19AI077439 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI David J Erle · 2008 to 2026
$41.1MMolecular and Cellular Mechanisms in CancerT32CA108462 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GOGA, ANDREI · 2004 to 2024
$10.4MSpatiotemporal Control of T cell Synapse Stabilization and SignalingR01AI052116 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI KRUMMEL, MATTHEW F · 2002 to 2022
$8.3MRESOURCE-BASED CENTER FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF PRECISION MEDICINE IN RHEUMATOLOGYP30AR070155 · NIAMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Mary C Nakamura · 2016 to 2026
$8.2MPrecision Medicine in the Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeR35HL140026 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI CALFEE, CAROLYN · 2018 to 2024
$6.8MAcute Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury: Platelet Biology, Endothelial Activation, and Mechanical VentilationK23HL133495 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HENDRICKSON, CAROLYN MARIE · 2016 to 2020
$994kNCI NIH HHS T32 CA108462NHLBI NIH HHS K23 HL133495NHLBI NIH HHS R35 HL140026NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI052116NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI077439NIAMS NIH HHS P30 AR070155NIH HHS 3U19AI077439-13S1NIH HHS R01 AI52116-S1
Abstract
Although infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has pleiotropic and systemic effects in some individuals
Indexed as
Antibodies, ViralAntibody FormationBase SequenceCOVID-19FemaleHumansImmunoglobulin GInterferonsMaleNeutrophilsProtein DomainsReceptor, Interferon alpha-betaReceptors, IgGSARS-CoV-2Single-Cell AnalysisViral LoadAntibodies, ViralIFNAR1 protein, humanImmunoglobulin GInterferonsReceptor, Interferon alpha-betaReceptors, IgG
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
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Registered trials
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.