ArticleThe Science of the total environment2021
Urinary phthalate metabolites and alternatives and serum sex steroid hormones among pre- and postmenopausal women from NHANES, 2013-16.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phthalate Exposures and Placental Health in Animal Models and Humans: A Systematic Review.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2022Pooled it
- Prenatal exposure to DEHTP replacement metabolites and odds of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension in a diverse nulliparous U.S. cohort.Environmental advances · 2026Article
- Prevalence and reproductive toxicity of di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) and other substituted benzene carboxylic acid derivatives used as phthalate alternatives.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Review
- Review
- Integrative network toxicology and experimental evidence reveal mechanisms underlying diethyl phthalate-induced initiation and progression of endometrial cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Reproductive Toxicity Effects of Phthalates Based on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis: A Priority Control List Construction from Theoretical Methods.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- A common phthalate replacement disrupts ovarian function in young adult mice.Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Association of Sleep Duration With Serum Estradiol Concentrations Among American Men and Women: Evidence From NHANES 2013-2016.International journal of endocrinology · 2025Article
- Phthalate plasticizer affects blood electrolytes, hormones, and reproductive parameters of black Bengal goats.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2024Article
- Association of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure with Reproductive Hormones in the General Population and the Susceptible Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Review
- The associations between exposure to mixed environmental endocrine disruptors and sex steroid hormones in men: a comparison of different statistical models.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A common phthalate replacement disrupts ovarian function in young adult mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Insights into Triclosan-Induced Endocrine Disruption: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Zebrafish Models.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Phthalates and sex steroid hormones across the perimenopausal period: A longitudinal analysis of the Midlife Women's Health Study.Environment international · 2024Article
- Global Environmental and Toxicological Data of Emerging Plasticizers: Current Knowledge, Regrettable Substitution Dilemma, Green Solution and Future Perspectives.Green chemistry : an international journal and green chemistry resource : GC · 2024Article
- Article
- X-box binding protein 1 caused an imbalance in pyroptosis and mitophagy in immature rats with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced testis toxicity.Genes & diseases · 2024Article
- Phthalate metabolites and sex steroid hormones in relation to obesity in US adults: NHANES 2013-2016.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExposure to phthalates is ubiquitous across the United States. While phthalates have anti-androgenic effects in men, there is little research on their potential impacts on sex hormone concentrations in women and that also take into account menopausal status.
methodsCross-sectional data on urinary phthalate metabolites, serum sex hormones, and relevant covariates were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-14 and 2015-16. Women over the age of 20 who were not pregnant or breastfeeding and had not undergone oophorectomy were included (n = 698 premenopausal, n = 557 postmenopausal). Weighted multivariable linear and Tobit regression models stratified by menopausal status were fit with natural log-transformed phthalate concentrations and sex hormone outcomes adjusting for relevant covariates.
resultsPhthalate metabolites were associated with differences in sex hormone concentrations among postmenopausal women only. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was associated with lower serum estradiol and bioavailable testosterone concentrations. Specifically, a doubling of DEHP concentrations was associated with 5.9% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.2%, 11.3%) lower estradiol and 6.2% (95% CI: 0.0%, 12.1%) lower bioavailable testosterone concentrations. In contrast, 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid di-isononyl ester (DINCH) was associated with higher free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, and free androgen index. Finally, di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) was associated with a higher testosterone-to-estradiol ratio. None of these results retained statistical significance when adjusted for multiple comparisons.
conclusionsDEHP, DINCH, and DEHTP were associated with differences in serum sex hormone concentrations among postmenopausal women, highlighting the need for further research into the safety of these chemicals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.