ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2021
Monocytes and Macrophages, Targets of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: The Clue for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Immunoparalysis.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 131 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tissue factor in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.Thrombosis research · 2022Pooled it
- [Pulmonary innate immune response in Sars-cov-2 infection]Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (Cordoba, Argentina) · 2022Pooled it
- Macrophage Immune Responses in Viral Infections: Functional Plasticity and Therapeutic Targeting.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Retrospective neutralization analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants in early pandemic sera.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Integrated Bioinformatic Identification and Experimental Validation Reveal That Aging Exacerbates ARDS Through MAPK14/ADM/MAPK8 Axis.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Impact of Specific Pattern Mutations on Plaque Formation and Attenuation Properties of Dengue Virus Serotype 3.Advances in virology · 2026Article
- Immune cell interactions and lung damage in SARS-CoV-2 special attention on monocytes/macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and Toll-like receptors in SARS-CoV-2.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- Type I IFNs Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Human Cardiomyocytes and Increase Cytokine Production in Macrophages.Journal of clinical immunology · 2025Article
- Immune signatures of SARS-CoV-2 infection resolution in human lung tissues.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Temporal multi-omics analysis of COVID-19 in end-stage kidney disease.Cell genomics · 2025Article
- Monitoring Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Disease, Lesson From SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Reviews in medical virology · 2025Review
- Monkeypox Virus Subverts the Inflammatory Response of Macrophages at the Maternal-Fetal Interface.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Eosinophils and COVID-19: Insights into immune complexity and vaccine safety.Clinical and translational allergy · 2025Review
- Macrophage Transcriptomic Alterations Driven by Alphavirus-Based Cancer Immunotherapy Vectors.Journal of immunology research · 2025Article
- Cyclophilin-CD147 interaction enables SARS-CoV-2 infection of human monocytes and their activation via Toll-like receptors 7 and 8.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- FcγRIIa-mediated antibody-dependent uptake of SARS-CoV-2 enhances IL-6 expression of monocytes.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2024Article
- Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with Human Target Cells-A Metabolic View.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV2 infection in whole lung primarily targets macrophages that display subset-specific responses.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Long COVID Definition, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Epidemiology and Autoimmunity: A Narrative Review.American journal of medicine open · 2024Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinical expression is pleiomorphic, severity is related to age and comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension, and pathophysiology involves aberrant immune activation and lymphopenia. We wondered if the myeloid compartment was affected during COVID-19 and if monocytes and macrophages could be infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
methodsMonocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from COVID-19 patients and controls were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and extensively investigated with immunofluorescence, viral RNA extraction and quantification, and total RNA extraction followed by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction using specific primers, supernatant cytokines (interleukins 6, 10, and 1β; interferon-β; transforming growth factor-β1, and tumor necrosis factor-α), and flow cytometry. The effect of M1- vs M2-type or no polarization prior to infection was assessed.
resultsSARS-CoV-2 efficiently infected monocytes and MDMs, but their infection is abortive. Infection was associated with immunoregulatory cytokines secretion and the induction of a macrophagic specific transcriptional program characterized by the upregulation of M2-type molecules. In vitro polarization did not account for permissivity to SARS-CoV-2, since M1- and M2-type MDMs were similarly infected. In COVID-19 patients, monocytes exhibited lower counts affecting all subsets, decreased expression of HLA-DR, and increased expression of CD163, irrespective of severity.
conclusionsSARS-CoV-2 drives monocytes and macrophages to induce host immunoparalysis for the benefit of COVID-19 progression.SARS-CoV-2 infection of macrophages induces a specific M2 transcriptional program. In Covid-19 patients, monocyte subsets were decreased associated with up-expression of the immunoregulatory molecule CD163 suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 drives immune system for the benefit of Covid-19 disease progression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.