ArticlePloS one2021
The contribution of stimulating multiple body parts simultaneously to the illusion of owning an entire artificial body.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- An embodied perspective: Angular gyrus and precuneus decode selfhood in memories of naturalistic events.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Changes in spatial self-consciousness elicit grid cell-like representation in the entorhinal cortex.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Sense of own body shapes neural processes of memory encoding and reinstatement.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Article
- Demand characteristics challenge effects in embodiment and presence.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Effects of virtual hands and feet on the onset time and duration of illusory body ownership.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Perceptual illusion of body-ownership within an immersive realistic environment enhances memory accuracy and re-experiencing.iScience · 2022Article
- Combination of visuo-tactile and visuo-vestibular correlations in illusory body ownership and self-motion sensations.PloS one · 2022Article
- Top-Down Influence Leads to a Reduced Sense of Body Ownership in Individuals With Depersonalization Tendencies: A Focus on Full Body Illusion.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Bodily ownership and agency sensations in a natural state.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- How Action Shapes Body Ownership Momentarily and Throughout the Lifespan.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The full-body ownership illusion exploits multisensory perception to induce a feeling of ownership of an entire artificial body. Although previous research has shown that synchronous visuotactile stimulation of a single body part is sufficient for illusory ownership of the whole body, the effect of combining multisensory stimulation across multiple body parts remains unknown. Therefore, 48 healthy adults participated in a full-body ownership illusion with conditions involving synchronous (illusion) or asynchronous (control) visuotactile stimulation to one, two, or three body parts simultaneously (2×3 design). We used questionnaires to isolate illusory ownership of five specific body parts (left arm, right arm, trunk, left leg, right leg) from the full-body ownership experience and sought to test not only for increased ownership in synchronous versus asynchronous conditions but also for potentially varying degrees of full-body ownership illusion intensity related to the number of body parts stimulated. Illusory full-body ownership and all five body-part ownership ratings were significantly higher following synchronous stimulation than asynchronous stimulation (p-values < .01). Since non-stimulated body parts also received significantly increased ownership ratings following synchronous stimulation, the results are consistent with an illusion that engages the entire body. Furthermore, we noted that ownership ratings for right body parts (which were often but not always stimulated in this experiment) were significantly higher than ownership ratings for left body parts (which were never stimulated). Regarding the effect of stimulating multiple body parts simultaneously on explicit full-body ownership ratings, there was no evidence of a significant main effect of the number of stimulations (p = .850) or any significant interaction with stimulation synchronicity (p = .160), as assessed by linear mixed modelling. Instead, median ratings indicated a moderate affirmation (+1) of an illusory full-body sensation in all three synchronous conditions, a finding mirrored by comparable full-body illusion onset times. In sum, illusory full-body ownership appears to be an 'all-or-nothing' phenomenon and depends upon the synchronicity of visuotactile stimulation, irrespective of the number of stimulated body parts.
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