Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33493075›Full record

ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021

School-level perceptions and enforcement of the elimination of nonmedical exemptions to vaccination in California.

Taylor A Holroyd, Amanda C Howa, Tina M Proveaux, Paul L Delamater, Nicola P Klein, Alison M Buttenheim, Rupali J Limaye, Saad B Omer, Daniel A Salmon

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
0.2field-weighted citation impact, top 40% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Frontiers in public health · 2023
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.

Taylor A HolroydDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1907-2218
Amanda C HowaHubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Tina M ProveauxDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Paul L DelamaterDepartment of Geography and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3627-9739
Nicola P KleinKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1777-4814
Alison M ButtenheimDepartment of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Rupali J LimayeDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3883-9720
Saad B OmerYale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
Daniel A SalmonDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Johns Hopkins University · USEmory University · USKaiser Permanente · USUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · USUniversity of Pennsylvania · USYale University · US

Funding

Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9M
Research Services CoreP2CHD050924 · NICHD · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI KAREN B GUZZO · 2015 to 2026
$9.6M
Impact of eliminating nonmedical exemptions in CaliforniaR01AI125405 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI SCHWARTZ, JASON LEE · 2016 to 2020
$3.8M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI125405NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD050924
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In 2015, California passed Senate Bill 277 eliminating all nonmedical exemptions to school vaccinations. We aimed to explore school-level modes of SB277 enforcement, characterize vaccination knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of school officials, and identify whether school vaccination policies are associated with medical exemptions being granted. Surveys were mailed to a stratified random sample of 1,450 schools in California. School personnel (n = 752) reported their medical training, vaccination beliefs, enforcement of vaccination policies, and school rates of medical exemptions. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess whether school policies are associated with the likelihood of medical exemption requests being granted. Nurses were more likely than non-nurses to hold beliefs recognizing the importance of vaccination. A school where the survey respondent was a nurse was more likely to have granted a medical exemption request compared to a school where the respondent was not a nurse (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.34-3.36). The training of school officials and school-level practices may impact the enforcement of medical exemptions. Equipping school officials as competent sources of vaccine information for concerned parents will be valuable in improving parental vaccine uptake.

Indexed as

Health PolicyVaccinationCaliforniaHumansPerceptionSchoolsSchool vaccination lawvaccine hesitancyvaccine policy

Identifiers

PMID33493075
PMCPMC8189058
OpenAlexW3123119232

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.