ArticlePituitary2021
Immune profiling of pituitary tumors reveals variations in immune infiltration and checkpoint molecule expression.
Article in Pituitary, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aggressive PitNETs and Potential Target Therapies: A Systematic Review of Molecular and Genetic Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- STING expression in pituitary neuroendocrine tumour immune microenvironments.Endocrine-related cancer · 2026Article
- Inflammation, oxidative stress and purinergic signaling in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs).Purinergic signalling · 2026Review
- Deep learning for predicting pituitary neuroendocrine tumour lineage and high-risk subtypes from histology.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- The Roles of PD-L1, Ki-67, P53, and Cyclin D1 in PitNETs: Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications in a Series of 74 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Genes of the "regulation of lymphocyte activation" pathway may influence immune cells infiltration in growth hormone secreting pituitary tumors.Pituitary · 2025Observational
- Single-cell transcriptomics link gene expression signatures to clinicopathological features of gonadotroph and lactotroph PitNET.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Therapeutical Usefulness of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Aggressive or Metastatic Pituitary Tumours.Cancers · 2024Review
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveal distinct immune-infiltrating phenotypes and macrophage-tumor interaction axes among different lineages of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.Genome medicine · 2024Article
- Research status and prospects of pituitary adenomas in conjunction with neurological and psychiatric disorders and the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Prognostic Biomarkers in Pituitary Tumours: A Systematic Review.TouchREVIEWS in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Tumour microenvironment and pituitary tumour behaviour.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Review
- The immune microenviroment in somatotropinomas: from biology to personalized and target therapy.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2023Review
- The microenvironment of pituitary adenomas: biological, clinical and therapeutical implications.Pituitary · 2022Review
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages: New Horizons for Pituitary Adenoma Researches.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposePituitary tumors are the second most common primary brain tumors. Functional tumors demonstrate increased PD-L1 expression, but expression of other checkpoint regulators has not been characterized. We sought to characterize the immune microenvironment of human pituitary tumors to identify new treatment opportunities.
methods72 pituitary tumors were evaluated for expression of the immune regulatory markers programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (OX40) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Lymphocyte infiltration, macrophage infiltration, and angiogenesis were analyzed using IHC. Expression of pituitary tumor initiating cell marker CD15 and mismatch repair proteins MutS protein homolog 2 (MSH2) and MutS protein homolog 6 (MSH6) was also assessed.
resultsPituitary tumors were infiltrated by macrophages and T cells, and they expressed varying levels of PD-L1, PD-L2, VISTA, LAG3, and OX40. Functional tumors and tumors with high expression of tumor stem cell markers had higher immune cell infiltration and greater expression of immunosuppressive checkpoint regulators. Increased PD-L1 and LAG3 and reduced VISTA were observed in primary tumors compared to recurrent tumors.
conclusionImmune cell infiltration and checkpoint regulator expression vary depending on functional status and presence of pituitary tumor initiating cells. Functional tumors may have a particularly immunosuppressive microenvironment. Further studies of immune checkpoint blockade of pituitary tumors, particularly functional tumors, are warranted, though combination therapy may be required.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.