ArticleSexually transmitted diseases2021
The Estimated Direct Lifetime Medical Costs of Sexually Transmitted Infections Acquired in the United States in 2018.
Article in Sexually transmitted diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sexually transmitted infections in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of the association between history of sexually transmitted infections and subsequent condom use in adolescents.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Promoting sexual health in schools: a systematic review of the European evidence.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluating the potential health and economic impacts of chlamydia vaccination strategies in the United States: a mathematical modeling and cost-effectiveness simulation study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- The Path of Estimated Resistance: Updates of the Estimated Number and Cost of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gonococcal Infections in Men and Women Aged 15 to 39 Years in the United States: 2018-2023.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Alinity m Sexually Transmitted Infection Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Trichomonas vaginalis , and Mycoplasma genitalium in Male Urine Specimens.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Social Vulnerability and Access to Expedited Partner Therapy Prescriptions: A Secret Shopper Audit Survey.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2026Article
- Projecting lifetime HIV-related healthcare costs for youth with HIV in the United States.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of social network site-based interventions promoting condom use among youth: A systematic review based on the intervention mapping taxonomy.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Review
- Design of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine using β-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins Identified in Chlamydia trachomatis.The Journal of membrane biology · 2025Article
- The Design Process of a Digital Patient Decision Tool to Increase Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing in the Emergency Department.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Article
- Evaluating the usability of public health data dashboards as information sources for professionals and the public: Findings from a case study with domain experts.Health information and libraries journal · 2025Article
- Treatment of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Primary Care and Its Patient-Level Variation: An American Family Cohort Study.Annals of family medicine · 2025Article
- Primary care screening for sexually transmitted infections in the United States from 2019 to 2021.PloS one · 2025Article
- Antibacterial effects of coniferyl alcohol-derived dehydrogenation polymer on chlamydial infectionFrontiers in chemistry · 2025Article
- Facilitators and Barriers of Implementing Expanded Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening in California Family Planning Clinics.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Article
- Psychopathy is a neglected public health problem.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Investigating Trivariate Associations Between Risky Sexual Behavior, Internalizing Problems, and Externalizing Problems: A Twin Study.Behavior genetics · 2024Article
- Sexually transmitted infection testing and diagnosis in adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease.Pediatric blood & cancer · 2024Article
- Seroprevalence of sexually transmitted infections over 44 years - A cross-sectional study in Sweden.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe estimated the lifetime medical costs attributable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) acquired in 2018, including sexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
methodsWe estimated the lifetime medical costs of infections acquired in 2018 in the United States for 8 STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B, and HIV. We limited our analysis to lifetime medical costs incurred for treatment of STIs and for treatment of related sequelae; we did not include other costs, such as STI prevention. For each STI, except HPV, we calculated the lifetime medical cost by multiplying the estimated number of incident infections in 2018 by the estimated lifetime cost per infection. For HPV, we calculated the lifetime cost based on the projected lifetime incidence of health outcomes attributed to HPV infections acquired in 2018. Future costs were discounted at 3% annually.
resultsIncident STIs in 2018 imposed an estimated $15.9 billion (25th-75th percentile: $14.9-16.9 billion) in discounted, lifetime direct medical costs (2019 US dollars). Most of this cost was due to sexually acquired HIV ($13.7 billion) and HPV ($0.8 billion). STIs in women accounted for about one fourth of the cost of incident STIs when including HIV, but about three fourths when excluding HIV. STIs among 15- to 24-year-olds accounted for $4.2 billion (26%) of the cost of incident STIs.
conclusionsIncident STIs continue to impose a considerable lifetime medical cost burden in the United States. These results can inform health economic analyses to promote the use of cost-effective STI prevention interventions to reduce this burden.
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