ArticlePain reports
Clinical updates on phantom limb pain.
Article in Pain reports. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Transcranial direct current stimulation in the management of phantom limb pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Neuropathic Mechanisms in Phantom Pain: A Review of Pain Pathways and Peripheral Localization.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Effective Interventions in Restoring Mobility and Relieving Pain After Lower Limb Amputation.Journal of orthopaedics and sports medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Fibromyalgia: a real phantom pain?Clinical rheumatology · 2026Review
- Ipsilateral inhibitory rTMS restores interhemispheric motor cortex balance and reduces phantom limb pain: an exploratory longitudinal nTMS mapping study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of transradial amputation and brachial plexus injury on vibrotactile sensation capacity of the upper extremity.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Incidence of Clinically Documented Phantom Limb Pain During Hospitalization and Preoperative Risk Factors in Patients Who Underwent Nontraumatic Major Lower Limb Amputation: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- EEG-based brain-computer interface with immersive virtual reality for phantom limb pain: a single-center pilot neurofeedback trial.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Association Between the Microbiological Characteristics of Postoperative Stump Wound Infections and Neuropathic Pain After Limb Amputation: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Compensatory Failure of Autonomic Regulation in Phantom Limb Pain and Its Correlation with Maladaptive Plasticity: A Cross-Sectional HRV Study in Amputees.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Intraoperative cryo nerve block during lower extremity amputation prevents the development of phantom limb pain.Journal of vascular surgery cases and innovative techniques · 2025Article
- The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Optimizing Ketamine Therapy for Post-Amputation Pain.Reports (MDPI) · 2025Review
- Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of phantom limb pain: A case report and literature review.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2025Review
- Phantom Limb Pain Management.The Journal of hand surgery · 2025Review
- Pain without presence: a narrative review of the pathophysiological landscape of phantom limb pain.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Utilization of Ultrasound-Guided Regional Nerve Blocks in Anesthetic Management for Fracture Surgery.Journal of pain research · 2025Review
- Multimodal Analgesia in the Perioperative Period of Major Surgeries: An In-depth Analysis.Anesthesia and critical care (Houston, Tex.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionMost patients with amputation (up to 80%) suffer from phantom limb pain postsurgery. These are often multimorbid patients who also have multiple risk factors for the development of chronic pain from a pain medicine perspective. Surgical removal of the body part and sectioning of peripheral nerves result in a lack of afferent feedback, followed by neuroplastic changes in the sensorimotor cortex. The experience of severe pain, peripheral, spinal, and cortical sensitization mechanisms, and changes in the body scheme contribute to chronic phantom limb pain. Psychosocial factors may also affect the course and the severity of the pain. Modern amputation medicine is an interdisciplinary responsibility.
methodsThis review aims to provide an interdisciplinary overview of recent evidence-based and clinical knowledge.
resultsThe scientific evidence for best practice is weak and contrasted by various clinical reports describing the polypragmatic use of drugs and interventional techniques. Approaches to restore the body scheme and integration of sensorimotor input are of importance. Modern techniques, including apps and virtual reality, offer an exciting supplement to already established approaches based on mirror therapy. Targeted prosthesis care helps to obtain or restore limb function and at the same time plays an important role reshaping the body scheme. DISCUSSION: Consequent prevention and treatment of severe postoperative pain and early integration of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions are required to reduce severe phantom limb pain. To obtain or restore body function, foresighted surgical planning and technique as well as an appropriate interdisciplinary management is needed.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.