Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33490178›Full record

ArticleAnnals of translational medicine2020

The anatomic basis for ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of styloid process-related diseases.

Yirou Zang, Shiyu Chen, Guoli Zang, Ming Hu, Qing Xu, Zhubing Feng, Ashan Pan

Open access · diamondAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
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Article in Annals of translational medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
0.4field-weighted citation impact, top 35% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Elongated styloid syndrome mimicking temporomandibular joint disorders: a case report and short literature review.Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons · 2023
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Yirou ZangDepartment of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
Shiyu ChenDepartment of Ultrasonography, Yueqing Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
Guoli ZangDepartment of Ultrasonography, Yueqing Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
Ming HuDepartment of Ultrasonography, Yueqing Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
Qing XuDepartment of Ultrasonography, Yueqing Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
Zhubing FengDepartment of Ultrasonography, Yueqing Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
Ashan PanDepartment of Radiology, Yueqing Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
Wenzhou Medical University · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe styloid process (SP), stylohyoid ligament and lesser horn of hyoid bone together form the stylohyoid chain. Differences in the ossification degree and the connection sites of each segment of the stylohyoid chain on both sides lead to variations in the length, orientation, thickness, and straightness of SP. The incidence of elongation of the SP, known as styloid process syndrome (SPS), is around 4%, with only 4% of patients showing elongation show symptoms. Computed tomography (CT) remains the first-choice auxiliary examination for diagnosing SPS, but its performance can be affected by a variety of factors. Ultrasound can reveal the parapharyngeal space and adjacent structures, which offer high consistency with CT findings. Here, we investigated the ultrasonographic features of the SP and its adjacent structures in normal adults and assessed the clinical utility of ultrasound assessment for SP-related diseases.

methodsWith the ramus of mandible, mastoid process, SP, and salivary gland as the anatomical landmarks, ultrasonography was conducted on the parapharyngeal space in 78 healthy adults. The scans were performed along the oblique coronal section of the ramus and the cross-sectional plane between the mastoid process and ramus to visualize the SP and its adjacent structures. The SP length, the shortest distance from the SP tip to the outer edge of tonsil (SP-tonsil distance), and the distance from SP to the internal carotid artery (SP-ICA distance) were measured.

resultsSP and its adjacent structures were successfully visualized on ultrasonography in all 78 subjects. The measured SP length was 2.65±0.48 cm. The SP-tonsil distance was 1.95±0.50 cm. The SP-ICA distance was 0.509±0.231 cm. The SP length and SP-tonsil distance measured by ultrasound were not significantly different from those measured by CT (P=0.071, P=0.053). Furthermore, the SP length and SP-tonsil distance measured by ultrasound were positively correlated with CT measurements (r=0.917, P=0.071; r=0.978, P=0.053, respectively). SP-tonsil distance was negatively correlated with SP length and SP inward deflection angle.

conclusionsUltrasound can accurately reveal the shape and size of SP and its adjacent structures and thus will be helpful for the diagnosis of SP-related diseases.

Indexed as

applied anatomyrelated diseasesstyloid processes (SP)Ultrasonography

Identifiers

PMID33490178
PMCPMC7812206
OpenAlexW3117072961

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.