ArticleJournal of ophthalmology2020
Prevalence of Heterophoria in Tibetan Grade-One Students: The Lhasa Childhood Eye Study.
Article in Journal of ophthalmology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of heterophoria, tropia, and near point of convergence abnormality in a high school student population in Erbil city center.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Scoping Review of the Role of Accommodation and Binocular Coordination in Myopia Onset and Progression.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Maternal Hypertensive Disorder in Pregnancy and Childhood Strabismus in Offspring.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Evaluation of childhood developingWorld journal of clinical cases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe study aims to explore the prevalence of heterophoria and associate factors in Tibetan grade-one students.
methodsThe Lhasa Childhood Eye Study (LCES) is a school-based cohort study. 1942 grade-one students from 7 elementary schools were randomly sampled by stratified cluster sampling. Ocular examinations were performed in participants, including ocular motility, distance and near visual acuity, cycloplegic autorefraction, and stereoacuity. The near (33 cm) and distance (6 m) fixation cover test was used to differentiate orthophoria, heterophoria, and heterotropia, and the magnitude of the phoria was measured by the Maddox rod and prisma.
resultsOf 1856 grade-one students completing all the ocular examinations, 1852 participants finished the ocular alignment test. The mean age was 6.82 ± 0.46 years (range 6∼10 years); 981 (52.97%) were males, and 871 (47.03%) were females. The prevalence of phoria was 22.89% (
conclusionsIn Lhasa, grade-one pupils have a lower prevalence of heterophoria. Near exophoria was associated with myopia, while esophoria was related to hyperopia and amblyopia both near and distance. Heterophoria may be one of the affected factors for reducing stereoacuity.
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Registered trials
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