ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Sex Differences in Immunity: Implications for the Development of Novel Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogens.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vector-Induced Humoral Responses After rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Immunization Identify Vaccinated Individuals and Correlate With Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Antibodies.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Safety and Immunogenicity of the Heterologous 2-Dose Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Vaccine Regimen in Health Care Providers and Frontliners of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Coordination of inflammatory responses in children with perinatally acquired HIV infection.AIDS (London, England) · 2022Trial
- Rescuing age-associated vaccine hyporesponsiveness in murine and nonhuman primate models with an immunostimulatory vaccine adjuvant.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Absolute risk trade-offs of donor age, sex, and graft source in PTCy-based transplantation.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Learning from nature: HIV elite controllers as blueprints for a functional cure.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Gonadocorticoids Have Different Effects on the Expression of Toll-like Receptors When Infected with Various HIV-1 Subtypes.Viruses · 2025Article
- Integrative mapping of preexisting influenza immune landscapes predicts vaccine response.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- The TLR7/8 agonist INI-4001 enhances the immunogenicity of a Powassan virus-like-particle vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- The Reduced Immunogenicity of Zoster Vaccines in CMV-Seropositive Older Adults Correlates with T Cell Imprinting.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- The role of genetic diversity, epigenetic regulation, and sex-based differences in HIV cure research: a comprehensive review.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2025Review
- Toward understanding sexual immune dimorphism in humans.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Sex-based difference in immune responses and efficacy of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2024Article
- A Comprehensive Review of Hepatitis B Vaccine Nonresponse and Associated Risk Factors.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Article
- Safety Monitoring of COVID-19 Vaccines in Persons with Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A European Multi-Country Study.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity of 2-Dose HPV Vaccine Series for Postpartum Women: An Open-Label, Nonrandomized, Noninferiority Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Association between sex hormones and anti-S/RBD antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines in healthcare workers.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest public health achievements and have saved millions of lives. They represent a key countermeasure to limit epidemics caused by emerging infectious diseases. The Ebola virus disease crisis in West Africa dramatically revealed the need for a rapid and strategic development of vaccines to effectively control outbreaks. Seven years later, in light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this need has never been as urgent as it is today. Vaccine development and implementation of clinical trials have been greatly accelerated, but still lack strategic design and evaluation. Responses to vaccination can vary widely across individuals based on factors like age, microbiome, co-morbidities and sex. The latter aspect has received more and more attention in recent years and a growing body of data provide evidence that sex-specific effects may lead to different outcomes of vaccine safety and efficacy. As these differences might have a significant impact on the resulting optimal vaccine regimen, sex-based differences should already be considered and investigated in pre-clinical and clinical trials. In this Review, we will highlight the clinical observations of sex-specific differences in response to vaccination, delineate sex differences in immune mechanisms, and will discuss the possible resulting implications for development of vaccine candidates against emerging infections. As multiple vaccine candidates against COVID-19 that target the same antigen are tested, vaccine development may undergo a decisive change, since we now have the opportunity to better understand mechanisms that influence vaccine-induced reactogenicity and effectiveness of different vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.