ArticleJournal of optometry
Gender and age distribution of refractive errors in an optometric clinical population.
Article in Journal of optometry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Descriptive Study of Refractive Error Among Adults in Selected Practices in Witbank, South Africa.Clinical optometry · 2026Article
- Refractive factors affecting the persistence of anisometropia in preschool-aged children.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Does gender affect intraocular lens power calculations? A comparative analysis of formula accuracy.Journal of medicine and life · 2025Observational
- Article
- Prevalence of Refractive Errors Among School-Age Children and Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Distribution and associated factors of keratometry and corneal astigmatism in an elderly population.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Exploring Correlations between Headaches and Refractive Errors in an Optometry Clinic Sample.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2024Article
- Observation of peripheral refraction in myopic anisometropia in young adults.International journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Uncorrected near vision acuity and associated factors in a coastal province in southern China: the Fujian eye cross sectional study.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- Using electronic medical record data to establish and monitor the distribution of refractive errorsJournal of optometry · 2022Article
- Prevalence of anisometropia in children and adolescents.F1000Research · 2021Observational
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
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Abstract
aimTo determine the patterns of distribution of refractive errors in a clinical sample of patients examined in an optometry practice.
methodIn this retrospective study, the clinic records of 6687 patients aged 6 to 85 years comprising 2168 (32.2%) males and 4519 (67.5%) females were reviewed. Refractive error were analysed according to gender, age, as well as types and categories including axis of astigmatism using the vector power analysis method where the traditional sphero-cylinder was transformed into J0 (primary) and J45 (oblique) astigmatic components.
resultsOnly the analysis for right eye was reported as right and left spherical equivalent were similar. The mean with standard deviations for refractive errors were: Myopia: -1.95 ± 2.6, hyperopia: 1.04 ± 0.9, astigmatism: -1.22 ± 0.71 and anisometropia: -0.01 ± 2.5 DS. The distributions with significant changes included males that were significantly more myopic and astigmatic, while females were more hyperopic across the age groups. Furthermore, myopia decreased, while hyperopia, astigmatism and anisometropia increased with increasing age. Unique findings from this study include: myopia peaked earlier, second hyperopic shift commenced after age 82 years and the distribution of severity of astigmatism contrasts with previous understanding.
conclusionAlthough the patterns of distribution of refractive errors in patients aged 6 to 85 years corroborates previous findings, myopia and hyperopia peak, as well as severity of astigmatism were unique to the present study. Results from non-clinic populations will be useful to confirm trends reported in this study.
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