ReviewInternational immunopharmacology2021
Immunology, immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19; an overview.
Review in International immunopharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and placental pathology assessed by histology and gene expression.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Determination of both the expression and serum levels of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β1 genes in COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of IL-6 rs1800795 and rs1800796 polymorphisms on clinical outcomes of COVID-19: a study on severity of disease in Turkish population.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2025Article
- Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Chronic Pain and Alzheimer's Disease-A Review.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2025Review
- Humoral Immunity Profiling to Pandemic and Bat-Derived Coronavirus Variants: A Geographical Comparison.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Antibody dynamics for heterologous boosters with aerosolized Ad5-nCoV following inactivated COVID-19 vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 in different age groups of patients with COVID-19.BMC immunology · 2024Article
- New insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Identification of the feature genes involved in cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19.PloS one · 2024Article
- Does tocilizumab have an effect on the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients? A meta-analysis of randomized control trials.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2023Article
- The Immunomodulatory Role of Cell-Free Approaches in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cytokine Storm-A Powerful Therapeutic Tool for COVID-19 Patients.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Maternal COVID-19 infection and the fetus: Immunological and neurological perspectives.New microbes and new infections · 2023Review
- Altered microRNA Transcriptome in Cultured Human Airway Cells upon Infection with SARS-CoV-2.Viruses · 2023Article
- Host Response of Syrian Hamster to SARS-CoV-2 Infection including Differences with Humans and between Sexes.Viruses · 2023Article
- COVID-19's immuno-pathology and cardiovascular diseases.Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research · 2023Review
- Review
- An Unforeseen Outcome of COVID-19: The Triggering of Adult-Onset Still's Disease.Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders · 2023Article
- Role of CCL2/CCR2 axis in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and possible Treatments: All options on the Table.International immunopharmacology · 2022Review
- Targeting autophagy regulation in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated lung inflammation in COVID-19.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Review
- IL-2 and IL-1β Patient Immune Responses Are Critical Factors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Outcomes.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a "public health emergency of international concern" (PHEIC). The infection is highly contagious, has a high mortality rate, and its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Pulmonary inflammation with substantial lung damage together with generalized immune dysregulation are major components of COVID-19 pathogenesis. The former component, lung damage, seems to be at least in part a consequence of immune dysregulation. Indeed, studies have revealed that immune alteration is not merely an association, as it might occur in systemic infections, but, very likely, the core pathogenic element of COVID-19. In addition, precise management of immune response in COVID-19, i.e. enhancing anti-viral immunity while inhibiting systemic inflammation, may be key to successful treatment. Herein, we have reviewed current evidence related to different aspects of COVID-19 immunology, including innate and adaptive immune responses against the virus and mechanisms of virus-induced immune dysregulation. Considering that current antiviral therapies are chiefly experimental, strategies to do immunotherapy for the management of disease have also been reviewed. Understanding immunology of COVID-19 is important in developing effective therapies as well as diagnostic, and prophylactic strategies for this disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.