SynthesisGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2021
Eye rubbing in the aetiology of keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- The application of artificial intelligence-based algorithms in predicting the progression of keratoconus: a systematic review.International ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- The candidate proteins associated with keratoconus: A meta-analysis and bioinformatic analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Update on the Physiopathology of Keratoconus.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Clinical outcomes after implantation of a combination of intrastromal corneal ring segments in different optical zones in advanced keratoconus.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and keratoconus.Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie · 2026Article
- Proportion and clinical characteristics of keratoconus among patients attending refraction units: a retrospective facility-based study in Malawi.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- NEDD8 Promotes the Progression and Inflammation of Keratoconus by Increasing the Expression of YAP1.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Mechanical activation of PIEZO1 drives AP-1-dependent PTGS2/PGE2 signaling and corneal inflammation.iScience · 2026Article
- Trends in the Management of Keratoconus in Australia.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Awareness About Keratoconus and Its Relation With Eye Rubbing: A Cross-Sectional Study in Riyadh.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism in keratoconus: transcriptomic and hormonal mechanisms underlying stromal remodelling.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2026Article
- Vision-Related Quality of Life in Iraqi Keratoconus Patients: A Comparative Analysis of Surgical and Nonsurgical Interventions.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2026Article
- The Genetic and Epigenetic Architecture of Keratoconus: Emerging Pathways and Clinical Implications.Genes · 2026Review
- Corneal Thickness, Curvature and Topographic Indices: Implications for Keratoconus Screening in a South African University Clinic Population.Clinical optometry · 2026Article
- The Effects of Eye Rubbing on Corneal Topography and Biomechanics in Children With Allergic Conjunctivitis.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Observational
- Atopic disease and astigmatism: a population-based study.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Keratoconus with two consecutive re-emergences: a case report.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Mediating roles of corneal biomechanical and topographic parameters in eye rubbing and keratoconus based on the Chinese keratoconus cohort study.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Progression of keratoconus in the contralateral eye following acute corneal hydrops: A retrospective study.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeKeratoconus is a potentially blinding condition that slowly deforms the cornea in young people. Despite the increasing prevalence of keratoconus, the exact aetiology of the condition is unknown. This first systematic review examines the evidence of eye rubbing and its association with keratoconus and presents the findings of the meta-analysis.
methodsTwo independent reviewers searched the electronic databases for all potential articles published from 1st of January 1900 to 31st of July 2020 on eye rubbing and keratoconus. The researchers assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies. The assessment for statistical heterogeneity was estimated using chi-square and I-square (I
resultsEight case-control studies were included in this systematic review. Two studies assessed eye rubbing without odds ratios and thus were excluded. The pooled odds ratios for the six remaining studies included in the meta-analysis was 6.46 (95% CI 4.12-10.1). The study results were heterogenous (I
conclusionEye rubbing showed consistent association with keratoconus. However, the current evidence is limited to only a small number of case-control studies which present as heterogeneous and of sub-optimal methodological quality. Additionally, the cause-effect temporal relationship cannot be determined. Further studies are needed to address this intricate relationship of eye rubbing and its induction, ongoing progression, and severity of keratoconus.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.