ArticleChild and adolescent psychiatry and mental health2021
Gender differences in externalizing and internalizing problems in Singaporean children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Article in Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex differences in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a literature review.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Exposure of Palestinian Youth to Political Violence and Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms: The Role of Gender, Self-Esteem, and Social Support.Journal of interpersonal violence · 2026Article
- Healthcare utilization and costs of early childhood mental health problems: a longitudinal analysis using multi-rater assessments and Swedish national registers.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric comorbidities of children and adolescents with specific learning disorders: associations with gender and educational level.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- Longitudinal associations between sedentary behavior types and mathematics ability mediated by externalizing and internalizing problems.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Childhood-Onset Psychosis: A large UK case series.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Evidence on Peer Victimisation and Persistent Mental Health Outcomes in Youth: A Systematic Review.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sex Differences in Associations Between Adolescent Psychopathology and Delinquency.JAACAP open · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of the circle of security parenting program in reducing children's behavioral challenges and parental stress, anxiety, and depression in a Saudi Arabian sample.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Iranian Elementary School Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Review
- Correlates of internalizing and externalizing problems among school-going young adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Girls, mental health problems, and offending: findings from a community sample.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Chinese school-attending students aged 6-16: a national survey.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Article
- Bullying and anxiety/depressive symptoms in Latinx adolescents living with obesity: the mediating role of self-esteem.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Sex differences in clinically diagnosed psychiatric disorders over the lifespan: a nationwide register-based study in Sweden.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Article
- Beyond Reading: Psychological and Mental Health Needs in Adolescents with Dyslexia.Pediatric reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Brain-Based Predictions of Psychiatric Illness-Linked Behaviors Across the Sexes.Biological psychiatry · 2023Article
- Differences between problematic internet and smartphone use and their psychological risk factors in boys and girls: a network analysis.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2023Article
- Assessing the benefits of the "Intergalactic World" social emotional learning program for 8-12-year-old children in Portugal: perspectives from teachers and caregivers.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundStudies on gender differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidities in the Asian populations have been limited and previous studies have shown inconclusive findings. Singapore is a city-state country in Southeast Asia with a population of 5.7 million. This study examined gender differences in internalizing and externalizing problems in Singaporean children and adolescents with ADHD. The plausible social factors underlying the gender differences were discussed.
methodsA total of 773 participants (aged 6 to 18, 88% males) newly diagnosed with ADHD were recruited from the largest public child and adolescent psychiatric center in Singapore. Their internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed using the Child Behavioral Checklist and Teacher's Report Form by parents and teachers respectively. Demographics and relevant social factors were collected using parent questionnaires.
resultsFemales with ADHD were reported to have less delinquent and aggressive behavior but more depressive symptoms than their male counterparts, similar to findings in the Western literature. Gender remained a significant predictor of externalizing problem after controlling for other factors. Lower socioeconomic status and parental use of physical punishment were significant predictors of both internalizing and externalizing problems.
conclusionsGender differences in ADHD comorbidities do exist in the Asian clinical population. The lack of externalizing symptoms in females with ADHD has made timely referral and diagnosis challenging. More research is needed in understanding the gender differences in ADHD and the biopsychosocial mechanism underlying the differences in order to improve the detection of ADHD in females.
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