ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
Integrating human behavior and snake ecology with agent-based models to predict snakebite in high risk landscapes.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of variables associated with snakebite risk in spatial and temporal analyses.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2025Pooled it
- Estimates of global burden of snakebite: A literature review and geostatistical modelling study.PLoS medicine · 2026Review
- Snakebite patterns in rural Sri Lanka and their implications for preventive measures.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Utilising snake rescue data to understand snake-human conflict in Hooghly, West Bengal, India.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2025Article
- When the bite is not the threat: non-venomous snakebites and their impact on rural child health.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Article
- Individual-Specific Animated Profiles of Mental Health.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2025Article
- Unpredictable aggressive defence of the venomous snake, Crotalus ravus, towards predators and humans.Biology open · 2025Article
- Effects of global change on snakebite envenoming incidence up to 2050: a modelling assessment.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2024Article
- Study of defensive behavior of a venomous snake as a new approach to understand snakebite.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Proteomics and life-history variability of Endogenous Phospholipases A2 Inhibitors (PLIs) in Bothrops jararaca plasma.PloS one · 2024Article
- Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Who are the most affected by Bothrops snakebite envenoming in Brazil? A Clinical-epidemiological profile study among the regions of the country.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Review
- Article
- A generalized framework for estimating snakebite underreporting using statistical models: A study in Colombia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- A mechanistic model of snakebite as a zoonosis: Envenoming incidence is driven by snake ecology, socioeconomics and its impacts on snakes.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Disentangling snakebite dynamics in Colombia: How does rainfall and temperature drive snakebite temporal patterns?PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Investigations on the Changes of Serum Proteins in Rabbits afterEvidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Article
- Snakebite Management and One Health in Asia Using an Integrated Historical, Social, And Ecological Framework.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Article
- Promoting co-existence between humans and venomous snakes through increasing the herpetological knowledge base.Toxicon: X · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Snakebite causes more than 1.8 million envenoming cases annually and is a major cause of death in the tropics especially for poor farmers. While both social and ecological factors influence the chance encounter between snakes and people, the spatio-temporal processes underlying snakebites remain poorly explored. Previous research has focused on statistical correlates between snakebites and ecological, sociological, or environmental factors, but the human and snake behavioral patterns that drive the spatio-temporal process have not yet been integrated into a single model. Here we use a bottom-up simulation approach using agent-based modelling (ABM) parameterized with datasets from Sri Lanka, a snakebite hotspot, to characterise the mechanisms of snakebite and identify risk factors. Spatio-temporal dynamics of snakebite risks are examined through the model incorporating six snake species and three farmer types (rice, tea, and rubber). We find that snakebites are mainly climatically driven, but the risks also depend on farmer types due to working schedules as well as species present in landscapes. Snake species are differentiated by both distribution and by habitat preference, and farmers are differentiated by working patterns that are climatically driven, and the combination of these factors leads to unique encounter rates for different landcover types as well as locations. Validation using epidemiological studies demonstrated that our model can explain observed patterns, including temporal patterns of snakebite incidence, and relative contribution of bites by each snake species. Our predictions can be used to generate hypotheses and inform future studies and decision makers. Additionally, our model is transferable to other locations with high snakebite burden as well.
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