Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33480434›Full record

ArticleJournal of public health (Oxford, England)2022

Complex differences in infection rates between ethnic groups in Scotland: a retrospective, national census-linked cohort study of 1.65 million cases.

L D Gruer, G I Cézard, L A Wallace, S J Hutchinson, A F Douglas, D Buchanan, S V Katikireddi, A D Millard, D J Goldberg, A Sheikh and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of public health (Oxford, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

L D GruerUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
G I CézardPopulation and Health Research Group, School of Geography and Sustainable development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK.
L A WallaceHealth Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland, Glasgow G2 6QE, UK.
S J HutchinsonSchool of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
A F DouglasUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
D BuchananInformation Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh EH12 9EB, UK.
S V KatikireddiMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3AX, UK.
A D MillardMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3AX, UK.
D J GoldbergHealth Protection Scotland, NHS National Services Scotland, Glasgow G2 6QE, UK.
A SheikhUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
R S BhopalUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.

Funding

Chief Scientist Office CZH/4/878Chief Scientist Office SPHSU13Chief Scientist Office SPHSU15Chief Scientist Office SPHSU17Medical Research Council MC_PC_19004Medical Research Council MC_UU_00022/2Medical Research Council MC-UU-2017/13
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEthnicity can influence susceptibility to infection, as COVID-19 has shown. Few countries have systematically investigated ethnic variations in infection.

methodsWe linked the Scotland 2001 Census, including ethnic group, to national databases of hospitalizations/deaths and serological diagnoses of bloodborne viruses for 2001-2013. We calculated age-adjusted rate ratios (RRs) in 12 ethnic groups for all infections combined, 15 infection categories, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses.

resultsWe analysed over 1.65 million infection-related hospitalisations/deaths. Compared with White Scottish, RRs for all infections combined were 0.8 or lower for Other White British, Other White and Chinese males and females, and 1.2-1.4 for Pakistani and African males and females. Adjustment for socioeconomic status or birthplace had little effect. RRs for specific infection categories followed similar patterns with striking exceptions. For HIV, RRs were 136 in African females and 14 in males; for HBV, 125 in Chinese females and 59 in males, 55 in African females and 24 in males; and for HCV, 2.3-3.1 in Pakistanis and Africans.

conclusionsEthnic differences were found in overall rates and many infection categories, suggesting multiple causative pathways. We recommend census linkage as a powerful method for studying the disproportionate impact of COVID-19.

Indexed as

COVID-19EthnicityCensusesCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleRetrospective StudiesSARS-CoV-2Scotlandepidemiologyethnicityinfectious disease

Identifiers

PMID33480434
PMCPMC7928762

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.