Trial reportNature medicine2021
Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake.
3 registry-linked trialsOpen access · greenAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph
Trial report in Nature medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 135 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
135citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
20.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ketogenic Dietary Patterns in Young Adults and Kidney Health
Diet Order Effects of Low Fat vs. Low Carb Diets on Body Fat Change
A Culture-tailored Plant-based Dietary Intervention in Taiwan: A Pilot Randomized Crossover Feasibility Trial With Preliminary Inflammatory and Metabolic Outcomes
Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
- Personalized Nutrition Biomarkers and Dietary Strategies for Atherosclerosis Risk Management: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Plant-based and sustainable diet: A systematic review of its impact on obesity.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Comprehensive Understanding for Application in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus of the Consensus Statement on Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets by Korean Diabetes Association, Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, and Korean Society of Hypertension.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets and Intermittent Fasting on Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension Management: Consensus Statement of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hypertension.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2022Pooled it
- Low carbohydrate ketogenic diets reduce cardiovascular risk factor levels in obese or overweight patients with T2DM: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Associations Between Ultra-Processed Food (UPF) Consumption and Weight Change and Obesity Risk Among Consumers of Plant-Based Diets: A Systematic Review.Journal of the American Nutrition AssociationPooled it
- The validity of measuring energy and nutrient intake with the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM) in adolescents.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- Very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in treatment-naïve women with endometrial cancer and overweight: a randomized feasibility study.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Identification and validation of poly-metabolite scores for diets high in ultra-processed food: An observational study and post-hoc randomized controlled crossover-feeding trial.PLoS medicine · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Imprecision nutrition? Intraindividual variability of glucose responses to duplicate presented meals in adults without diabetes.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Effect of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention on body composition in people with osteoarthritis: Secondary analysis of the "Plants for Joints" randomized controlled trial.Osteoarthritis and cartilage open · 2024Trial
- Rapid benefits in older age from transition to whole food diet regardless of protein source or fat to carbohydrate ratio: Arandomised control trial.Aging cell · 2024Trial
- Diet order significantly affects energy balance for diets varying in macronutrients but not ultraprocessing in crossover studies without a washout period.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Trial
- Gut-derived appetite hormones do not explain energy intake differences in humans following low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Trial
- Recipe for Heart Health: A Randomized Crossover Trial on Cardiometabolic Effects of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Within a Whole-Food Plant-Based Vegan Diet.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Trial
- A multidisciplinary lifestyle program for rheumatoid arthritis: the 'Plants for Joints' randomized controlled trial.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2023Trial
- Dietary fat restriction affects brain reward regions in a randomized crossover trial.JCI insight · 2023Trial
- Chronic and Postprandial Metabolic Responses to a Ketogenic Diet Compared to High-Carbohydrate and Habitual Diets in Trained Competitive Cyclists and Triathletes: A Randomized Crossover Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
23 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Kevin D HallNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA. kevinh@niddk.nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4062-3133
Juen GuoNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Amber B CourvilleNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1419-3937
James BoringNational Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Robert BrychtaNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9491-7968
Kong Y ChenNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0306-1904
Valerie DarceyNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-4567
Ciaran G FordeSingapore Institute for Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-9182
Ahmed M GharibNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Isabelle GallagherNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Rebecca HowardNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Paule V JosephNational Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1198-9622
Lauren MilleyNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Ronald OuwerkerkNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-9757
Klaudia RaisingerNational Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Irene RozgaNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Alex SchickNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-9138
Michael StaglianoNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Stephan TorresNational Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4048-1665
Mary WalterNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Peter WalterNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Shanna YangNational Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Stephanie T ChungNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases · USNational Institutes of Health Clinical Center · USClinical Nutrition Research Centre · SGNational Institute of Nursing Research · US
Funding
Clinical Stable Isotope Research & SupportZICDK075039 · NIDDK · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES · PI WALTER, PETER · 2009 to 2025
$23.2MClinical Research and Assay SupportZICDK071006 · NIDDK · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES · PI WALTER, MARY · 2009 to 2025
$20.6MMetabolic Research Core: energy balance and obesity studiesZICDK071013 · NIDDK · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES · PI CHEN, KONG · 2009 to 2025
$12.3MModeling interactions of diet, exercise, metabolism, and weight change in humansZIADK013037 · NIDDK · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES · PI DARCEY, VALERIE · 2009 to 2025
$10.8MSensory Science and Metabolism; Molecular and Neuronal MechanismsZIANR000035 · NINR · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NURSING RESEARCH · PI JOSEPH, PAULE · 2018 to 2020
$1.7MIntramural NIH HHS ZIA NR000035NIH HHS LIG OD033822U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases) 1-ZIA-DK013037-13
Abstract
The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity posits that high-carbohydrate diets lead to excess insulin secretion, thereby promoting fat accumulation and increasing energy intake. Thus, low-carbohydrate diets are predicted to reduce ad libitum energy intake as compared to low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets. To test this hypothesis, 20 adults aged 29.9 ± 1.4 (mean ± s.e.m.) years with body mass index of 27.8 ± 1.3 kg m
Indexed as
AdultBody CompositionBody Mass IndexDietary CarbohydratesDietary FatsDiet, Fat-RestrictedDiet, KetogenicDiet, VegetarianEnergy IntakeEnergy MetabolismFemaleHumansInsulinMaleMiddle AgedObesityDietary CarbohydratesDietary FatsInsulin
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.