ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2021
Innate immunity at the crossroads of healthy brain maturation and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 149 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
149 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 262 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association studies of infant and toddler temperament in European and multi-ancestry populations.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- The Genetic Architecture of the Human Corpus Callosum and its Subregions.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- The relationship of immune cells with autism spectrum disorder: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Early systemic inflammation induces neurodevelopmental disorders: results from ARTEMIS, a French multicenter study of juvenile rheumatisms and systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory disorders and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Parental autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders as multiple risk factors for common neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Regulatory T lymphocytes/Th17 lymphocytes imbalance in autism spectrum disorders: evidence from a meta-analysis.Molecular autism · 2021Pooled it
- Increased inflammatory cytokines in the temporal cortex in autism spectrum disorder.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Chemokine levels in the murine brain from early postnatal development to aging.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a long-term co-maturation protocol for human stem cell-derived microglia and neuronal networks.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Ketamine attenuates anxiety-like behavior and oxidative imbalance in the maternal immune activation model: emphasis on the cerebellum.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- The Role of the IL-33/ST2 Axis in Nervous System Development and Diseases.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Attenuating AAV-triggered innate immunity in the adult mouse nervous systemActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Exploring serum GFAP and UCH-L1 levels in children with global developmental delay: associations with language impairment and widened extracerebral spaces.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Progress of Immunotherapies in Parkinson's Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Differential brain neuroimmune profiles and altered immune balance in autism spectrum disorder compared with psychotic disorder and neurotypical controls.Research square · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit Induces Neuroinflammation Via Microglial Kv1.3 Channel.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental comorbidities in juvenile systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Plasma proteome is altered in a piglet model of fetal growth restriction.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Modular nanotherapeutics with spatiotemporal precision for phase-specific treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Therapeutic Impact of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Management of Brain Metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Biomedicines · 2026Review
89 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The immune and nervous systems have unique developmental trajectories that individually build intricate networks of cells with highly specialized functions. These two systems have extensive mechanistic overlap and frequently coordinate to accomplish the proper growth and maturation of an organism. Brain resident innate immune cells - microglia - have the capacity to sculpt neural circuitry and coordinate copious and diverse neurodevelopmental processes. Moreover, many immune cells and immune-related signalling molecules are found in the developing nervous system and contribute to healthy neurodevelopment. In particular, many components of the innate immune system, including Toll-like receptors, cytokines, inflammasomes and phagocytic signals, are critical contributors to healthy brain development. Accordingly, dysfunction in innate immune signalling pathways has been functionally linked to many neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. This review discusses the essential roles of microglia and innate immune signalling in the assembly and maintenance of a properly functioning nervous system.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.