ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2021
Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04996264 (Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of a Multi-Dose Regimen of Oral Varespladib-Methyl in Subjects Bitten by Venomous Snakes), which is not on this map. Cited by 88 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of a Multi-Dose Regimen of Oral Varespladib-Methyl in Subjects Bitten by Venomous Snakes
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Guide to Direct (Peri)ocular Injuries Caused by Snakes: Systematic Review and Treatment Advice.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- Article
- Toxicological profiling of venoms from ten major Chinese snakes: a mass spectrometry-based proteomic and multiroute assessment.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Venom Variation as a Window into the Ecology and Evolution of Snakes.Integrative and comparative biology · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic Insights Into the Evolution of Snake Venom: Mechanisms, Diversity, and Adaptation.Scientifica · 2026Review
- Molecular Mechanisms of Venom Diversity.Toxins · 2025Review
- Insight Into Body Size Evolution in Aves: Based on Some Body Size-Related Genes.Integrative zoology · 2025Article
- Comparative venomics suggests an evolutionary adaption of spider venom from predation to defense.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Snake Venomics of the Arboreal Talamancan Palm-Pitviper,Journal of proteome research · 2025Article
- The biology and toxinology of blunt-nosed vipers.npj biodiversity · 2025Review
- The gene regulatory mechanisms shaping the heterogeneity of venom production in the Cape coral snake.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Neuroimmune Pain and Its Manipulation by Pathogens.Evolutionary applications · 2025Article
- Significant Serpents: Predictive Modelling of Bioclimatic Venom Variation in Russell's Viper.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Categorization and Characterization of Snake Venom Variability through Intact Toxin Analysis by Mass Spectrometry.Journal of proteome research · 2025Article
- Why Are Some Snakes More Terrifying and What Is Behind the Fear?Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Article
- Hooding cobras can get ahead of other snakes in the ability to evoke human fear.Die Naturwissenschaften · 2024Article
- Article
- Adaptive trade-offs between vertebrate defence and insect predation drive Amazonian ant venom evolution.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors at 12 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Convergent evolution provides insights into the selective drivers underlying evolutionary change. Snake venoms, with a direct genetic basis and clearly defined functional phenotype, provide a model system for exploring the repeated evolution of adaptations. While snakes use venom primarily for predation, and venom composition often reflects diet specificity, three lineages of cobras have independently evolved the ability to spit venom at adversaries. Using gene, protein, and functional analyses, we show that the three spitting lineages possess venoms characterized by an up-regulation of phospholipase A
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.